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PMLS > CLIN MICROSCOPY > Flashcards

CLIN MICROSCOPY Flashcards

1
Q

For overall evaluation of renal function

A

Urinalysis

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2
Q

Permits a detailed, in-depth assessment of renal status with an easily obtained specimen

A

Renalysis

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3
Q

Serves as a quick indicator of an individual’s glucose status and hepatic or biliary function

A

Renalysis

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4
Q

TESTS PERFORMED IN RENALYSIS

A

Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination

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5
Q

Type of specimen (urinalysis)

A

Earl morning urine
Random urine
Fasting/post-prandial urine
Timed urine

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6
Q

Most preferred sample particularly for protein analysis
More concentrated from overnight retention in the bladder
Pregnancy test more accurate result

A

Early Morning Urine

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7
Q

Collected any time of the day; for routine analysis

A

Random urine

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8
Q

Glucose determination

A

Fasting/ post-prandial urine

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9
Q

Clearance test

A

Timed urine test

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10
Q

first few drops is discarded, the middle portion is collected, and the last few drops is discarded.

A

Clean midstream catch

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11
Q

collect it in urine bags. Usually used in unconscious patients, comatose, those in ICU, or babies.

A

Catheterization

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12
Q

Specimen must be analyzed within __ hour/s

A

one (1)

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13
Q

If urine analysis is delayed, specimen must be refrigerated at ___ Celsius not more than ___ hours

A

2-8degrees, 8 hours

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14
Q

There will be changes in the urine sample if it is not analyzed or examined immediately.

A

True

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15
Q

Unpreserved urine causes

A

Bacterial Multiplication

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16
Q

Bacterial multiplication will cause false positive (+) in ____

A

nitrite test

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17
Q

T or F| Urine analysis goes hand-in-hand with fecalysis

A

T

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18
Q

indication of the state of hydration of an individual

A

Color

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19
Q

Urine is
__% - solvent
__% - solute

A

95
5

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20
Q

We excrete waste to maintain ____

A

homeostsasis

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21
Q

Color of urine - hydrated

A

Light

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22
Q

Color of urine - more concentrated

A

Darker

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23
Q

Has little diagnostic significance and is not included in the routine laboratory result

A

Odor

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24
Q

Normal urine smells ____

A

aromatic

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25
Q

Suggestive of the freshness of the urine sample
Not important

A

Odor

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26
Q

Clarity/ transparency

A

Turbidity

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27
Q

Refers to the degree of cloudiness in urine

A

Turbidity

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28
Q

Depends on the pH and the presence of dissolved solids

A

Turbidity

29
Q

In turbidity, normal urine is ____

A

clear and transparent

30
Q

Types of turbidity

A

Clear
slightly cloudy
cloudy
turbid

31
Q

Indicates balance between fluid ingestion and water lost from lungs, sweat and intestines

A

Volume

32
Q

In collecting urine sample, the volume needed in the bottle must be ____

A

1/2 - 3/4 of the bottle

33
Q

According to WHO a person must urinate ___ times a day depending on the amount of intake of liquids

A

3-4

34
Q

In cold temperature, we tend to urinate ___

A

More

35
Q

In hot temperature, we tend to urinate ___

A

Less

36
Q

Amount of urine can indicate of a pathotologic condition such as ____, ___, and ___.

A

polyuria, oliguria, and anuria

37
Q

Excessive (may be associated with diabetes)

A

Polyuria

38
Q

Scanty - less urination

A

Oliguria

39
Q

Absence of urine output (kidney disease)

A

Anuria

40
Q

Normal adult vol. of urine

A

750-2,000 mL/24hrs

41
Q

Optimal vol. For accurate ru

A

10-12 mL aliquot

42
Q

Normal values for specific gravity

A

1.005 – 1.030

43
Q

Indication of the density of the fluid (solvent) depending on the concentration of dissolved total solids (solute)

A

Specific gravity

44
Q

Measure the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent

A

Specific gravity

45
Q

in specific gravity: more solute

A

High SG

46
Q

in specific gravity: more water/ solvent

A

Low SG

47
Q

Diabetes mellitus, congestive heart
failure, dehydration, adrenal
insufficiency, liver disease &
Nephrosis

A

High SG

48
Q

Diabetes insipidus, pyelonephritis &
glomerulonephritis

A

Low SG

49
Q

Refers to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

50
Q

Normal pH of urine:

A

4.5 – 8.0

51
Q

Acidity

A

<7

52
Q

Alkalinity

A

> 7

53
Q

Contains test pads impregnated with reagents that specifically react with a test analyte and register a specified color change.

A

Reagent Strip Method

54
Q

In microscopic examination _____ drops of urine sediment from a centrifuged urine is placed on a glass slide

A

1 – 2

55
Q

Objective lenses used in microscopic examination

A

LPO and HPO

56
Q

WBC and RBC are counted
Crystals and other elements are graded (count)

A

Microscopic Examination

57
Q

Glomerulonephritis, severe exercise, menstrual blood contamination and renal calculi obstruction

A

RBC: “Hematuria”

58
Q

Pyelonephritis, UTI and inflammation

A

WBC “pyuria”

59
Q

Cells sloughed off the lining of the nephrons and urinary tract
Squamous

A

Epithelial cells

60
Q

Formed by the precipitation of urine salts subjected to changes in pH, temperature or concentration

A

Crystals: “crystalluria”

61
Q

May collect and aggregate together to form renal stone or ___

A

calculus

62
Q

Formed within distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Hyaline, granular and cellular

A

Casts

63
Q

Often encountered in urine of both male
and female but usually not reported (sexual intercourse or nocturnal emissions)

A

Spermatozoa

64
Q

reported in cases of rape

A

Spermatozoa

65
Q

Budding RBC-like cells (diabetes mellitus and Vaginal Moniliasis)

A

Yeast Cells (Candida
albicans)

66
Q

Enterobius vermicularis,
Trichomonas vaginalis,
Schistosoma haematobium

A

Parasites

67
Q

Gram (-) coliforms
Escherichia coli and
Proteus sp.

A

Bacteria

68
Q

Protein material produced by glands and epithelial cells in
the genitourinary tracts

A

Mucus Threads

69
Q

Thread-like structures with low refractive index requiring observation under subdued light

A

Mucus Threads

PMLS (12 decks)

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