CLIN MICROSCOPY Flashcards
For overall evaluation of renal function
Urinalysis
Permits a detailed, in-depth assessment of renal status with an easily obtained specimen
Renalysis
Serves as a quick indicator of an individual’s glucose status and hepatic or biliary function
Renalysis
TESTS PERFORMED IN RENALYSIS
Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
Type of specimen (urinalysis)
Earl morning urine
Random urine
Fasting/post-prandial urine
Timed urine
Most preferred sample particularly for protein analysis
More concentrated from overnight retention in the bladder
Pregnancy test more accurate result
Early Morning Urine
Collected any time of the day; for routine analysis
Random urine
Glucose determination
Fasting/ post-prandial urine
Clearance test
Timed urine test
first few drops is discarded, the middle portion is collected, and the last few drops is discarded.
Clean midstream catch
collect it in urine bags. Usually used in unconscious patients, comatose, those in ICU, or babies.
Catheterization
Specimen must be analyzed within __ hour/s
one (1)
If urine analysis is delayed, specimen must be refrigerated at ___ Celsius not more than ___ hours
2-8degrees, 8 hours
There will be changes in the urine sample if it is not analyzed or examined immediately.
True
Unpreserved urine causes
Bacterial Multiplication
Bacterial multiplication will cause false positive (+) in ____
nitrite test
T or F| Urine analysis goes hand-in-hand with fecalysis
T
indication of the state of hydration of an individual
Color
Urine is
__% - solvent
__% - solute
95
5
We excrete waste to maintain ____
homeostsasis
Color of urine - hydrated
Light
Color of urine - more concentrated
Darker
Has little diagnostic significance and is not included in the routine laboratory result
Odor
Normal urine smells ____
aromatic
Suggestive of the freshness of the urine sample
Not important
Odor
Clarity/ transparency
Turbidity
Refers to the degree of cloudiness in urine
Turbidity
Depends on the pH and the presence of dissolved solids
Turbidity
In turbidity, normal urine is ____
clear and transparent
Types of turbidity
Clear
slightly cloudy
cloudy
turbid
Indicates balance between fluid ingestion and water lost from lungs, sweat and intestines
Volume
In collecting urine sample, the volume needed in the bottle must be ____
1/2 - 3/4 of the bottle
According to WHO a person must urinate ___ times a day depending on the amount of intake of liquids
3-4
In cold temperature, we tend to urinate ___
More
In hot temperature, we tend to urinate ___
Less
Amount of urine can indicate of a pathotologic condition such as ____, ___, and ___.
polyuria, oliguria, and anuria
Excessive (may be associated with diabetes)
Polyuria
Scanty - less urination
Oliguria
Absence of urine output (kidney disease)
Anuria
Normal adult vol. of urine
750-2,000 mL/24hrs
Optimal vol. For accurate ru
10-12 mL aliquot
Normal values for specific gravity
1.005 – 1.030
Indication of the density of the fluid (solvent) depending on the concentration of dissolved total solids (solute)
Specific gravity
Measure the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent
Specific gravity
in specific gravity: more solute
High SG
in specific gravity: more water/ solvent
Low SG
Diabetes mellitus, congestive heart
failure, dehydration, adrenal
insufficiency, liver disease &
Nephrosis
High SG
Diabetes insipidus, pyelonephritis &
glomerulonephritis
Low SG
Refers to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
pH
Normal pH of urine:
4.5 – 8.0
Acidity
<7
Alkalinity
> 7
Contains test pads impregnated with reagents that specifically react with a test analyte and register a specified color change.
Reagent Strip Method
In microscopic examination _____ drops of urine sediment from a centrifuged urine is placed on a glass slide
1 – 2
Objective lenses used in microscopic examination
LPO and HPO
WBC and RBC are counted
Crystals and other elements are graded (count)
Microscopic Examination
Glomerulonephritis, severe exercise, menstrual blood contamination and renal calculi obstruction
RBC: “Hematuria”
Pyelonephritis, UTI and inflammation
WBC “pyuria”
Cells sloughed off the lining of the nephrons and urinary tract
Squamous
Epithelial cells
Formed by the precipitation of urine salts subjected to changes in pH, temperature or concentration
Crystals: “crystalluria”
May collect and aggregate together to form renal stone or ___
calculus
Formed within distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Hyaline, granular and cellular
Casts
Often encountered in urine of both male
and female but usually not reported (sexual intercourse or nocturnal emissions)
Spermatozoa
reported in cases of rape
Spermatozoa
Budding RBC-like cells (diabetes mellitus and Vaginal Moniliasis)
Yeast Cells (Candida
albicans)
Enterobius vermicularis,
Trichomonas vaginalis,
Schistosoma haematobium
Parasites
Gram (-) coliforms
Escherichia coli and
Proteus sp.
Bacteria
Protein material produced by glands and epithelial cells in
the genitourinary tracts
Mucus Threads
Thread-like structures with low refractive index requiring observation under subdued light
Mucus Threads
