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PMLS > CLIN CHEM > Flashcards

CLIN CHEM Flashcards

1
Q

It is the branch of medical science involved in the analysis of biological materials , usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic results on the state of human body

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

Basic analytical Techniques

A

Spectrophotometry
Nephelometry
Turbidimetry
Electrophoresis
Flame emission spectrophotometry
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

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3
Q

The measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths

A

Spectrophotometry

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4
Q

A useful analytical tool to determine the concentration of colored material in a solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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5
Q

Uses prisms or gratings to isolate a narrow range of wavelength of light

A

Spectrophotometry

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6
Q

2 kinds of light that spectrophotometry employs

A

Visible Light
Invisible Light

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6
Q

VISIBLE LIGHT

A

Ultraviolet light = < 400 nm

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7
Q

INVISIBLE LIGHT

A

Infrared light = > 700 nm

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8
Q

scatter light

A

Monochromator

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9
Q

amount of color changed

A

Cuvette

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10
Q

amount of light

A

Digital Display

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11
Q

Not commonly used
Light scattered by an unknown substance is
measured at right angles

A

Nephelometry

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12
Q

Depends on wavelength and particle size

A

Nephelometry

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13
Q

Measures the amount of light blocked
(absorbance) by a suspension of particles

A

Turbidimetry

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14
Q

Depends on particle size and concentration

A

Turbidimetry

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15
Q

Charged molecules moves at different rates when pulled through an electrical field

A

Electrophoresis

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16
Q

Cations (positively charged ions) will move to ____

A

cathode (negative electrode)

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17
Q

Anions (negatively charged ions) will move to ____

A

anode (positive electrode)

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18
Q

Measures light emitted by excited atoms
Measures electrolytes

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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19
Q

Certain elements give off a characteristic light after excited atoms return to ground state

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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20
Q

– intense yellow flame

A

Sodium

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21
Q

violet flame

A

Potassium

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22
Q

– brick red flame

A

Calcium

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23
Q

Measures light absorbed by ground state atoms

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

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24
Q

Routinely used to measure the concentrations
of trace metals

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

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25
Q

the usual light source employed in atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A

Hollow cathode lamp

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26
Q

Routinely tested clinical chemistry assays

A

Blood glucose
Blood lipid profile
Kidney (renal) function tests
Liver function test
Cardiac function test

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27
Q

the primary source
of energy for humans

A

Glucose (carbohydrates)

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28
Q

Short-term storage sites of glucose

A

Liver and Skeletal
muscles

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29
Q

Long-term storage sites of glucose

A

Adipose tissues

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30
Q

low sugar level

A

Hypoglycemia

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31
Q

high sugar level

A

Hyperglycemia

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32
Q

Defect in the beta cells of the pancreas

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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33
Q

Leads to a decrease in the production of insulin (a hormone necessary to maximize the utilization of glucose for energy production)

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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34
Q

excessive urination

A

Polyuria

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35
Q

excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

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36
Q

excessive eating

A

Polyphagia

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37
Q

TESTS TO BE DONE: DIABETES MELLITUS
- 6 – 8 hours fasting prior to blood collection

A

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

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38
Q

TESTS TO BE DONE: DIABETES MELLITUS
- extracting capillary blood

A

Random blood sugar (RBS)

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39
Q

TESTS TO BE DONE: DIABETES MELLITUS
- pregnant women - ingest glucose - extract blood-
- For pregnant women to rule out cases of gestational diabetes

A

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

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40
Q

TESTS TO BE DONE: DIABETES MELLITUS
- collected after 2 hours

A

2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2HPPBS)

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41
Q

TESTS TO BE DONE: DIABETES MELLITUS
- Monitoring tool for long-term diabetes
- To determine if diabetes has been existing for several months already (long-term diabetes)
- It reflects the average blood glucose over a three-month period

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C)

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42
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) is measured through

A

affinity chromatography

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43
Q

organic substances characterized by their general insolubility in water a

A

Lipids

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44
Q

Regarded as fat

A

Lipids

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45
Q

1 gram of lipid = _kcal of heat

A

9

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46
Q

secondary energy source

A

lipids

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47
Q

Important constituent of cell membrane

A

lipids

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48
Q

Classifications of lipids

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides (Triacyglycerol)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Lipoproteins

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49
Q

Simplest form of lipids but not routinely measured

A

Fatty acids

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50
Q

lipids solid at room temperature

A

saturated

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51
Q

lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated

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52
Q

Good fats

A

unsaturated

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53
Q

neutral fats consisting of fatty acids and glycerol

A

Triglycerides (Triacyglycerol)

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54
Q

Act as the storage form of lipids in the human body

A

Triglycerides (Triacyglycerol)

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55
Q

When serum samples turned turbid from blood collected after a meal, it is due to the presence of __________

A

Triglycerides

56
Q

prevents turbidity

A

fasting

57
Q

An example of a steroid alcohol

A

Cholesterol

58
Q

Necessary for the production of various hormones, vitamin D, and even bile salt which is necessary for fat digestion

A

Cholesterol

59
Q

Measurement is usually requested in conjunction of _____

A

CVD - Cardiovascular Disease

60
Q

Most abundant form of lipids but not routinely measured

A

Phospholipids

61
Q

Phospholipids: 70%

A

lecithin

62
Q

Phospholipids: 20%

A

sphingomyelin

63
Q

Phospholipids: 10%

A

cephalin

64
Q

an important parameter to determine fetal-lung maturity
Used to evaluate the safety of a pre-term delivery

A

Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio

65
Q

Lipid transporters

A

Lipoproteins

66
Q

Classified based on their density or through electrophoresis

Generally, as protein content increases, the lipid content decreases, making it smaller but denser

A

Lipoproteins

67
Q

Types of Lipoproteins

A

HDL
VLDL
LDL
CHYLOMICRONS

68
Q

alpha-lipoprotein

A

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

69
Q

“good cholesterol”

A

alpha-lipoprotein

70
Q

Transports cholesterol back to the liver for the synthesis of bile salts and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

alpha-lipoprotein

71
Q

Smallest but the heaviest

A

alpha-lipoprotein

72
Q

High levels of HDL suggest decreased risk of developing ________

A

atherosclerosis

73
Q

Smallest but the heaviest type of lipoprotein

A

HDL

74
Q

Pre-beta lipoprotein

A

VLDL

75
Q

Transports endogenous triglycerides to the muscle and adipose cells

A

VLDL

76
Q

Beta-lipoprotein
“bad cholesterol”

A

LDL

77
Q

Transports cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

LDL

78
Q

Increased levels suggest risk of developing atherosclerosis

A

LDL

79
Q

Transport exogenous triglycerides to adipose tissue and cells

A

Chylomicrons

80
Q

Increased amount of lipids
Can be genetic

A

lipemia

81
Q

Person did not undergo fasting

A

Chylomicrons

82
Q

paired organs considered as the body’s major “waste sweeper”

A

Kidneys

83
Q

functional unit of kidneys
Forms urine

A

Nephron

84
Q

Nephron forms urine through four major process:

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Tubular concentration

85
Q

Waste product of muscle metabolism
Derived from creatine phosphate (stored in the muscles and is used for energy)

A

CREATININE

86
Q

Waste product of protein catabolism
90% is excreted in the urine

A

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

87
Q

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen

A

Azotemia

88
Q

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen
If accompanied by renal failure, it is termed _________

A

uremia

89
Q

Starvation, pregnancy and a low protein diet

A

Low BUN

90
Q

high protein diet, after administration of steroids and kidney diseases

A

High BUN

91
Q

Used to check how well the kidneys are working

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

92
Q

Estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

93
Q

Recommended for:
CKD caused by diabetes
Family history of kidney diseases
Frequent UTI
Heart disease
High blood pressure
Urinary blockage

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

94
Q

much more accurate than BUN
No need to collect urine sample

A

Renal Scan

95
Q

Organ responsible for the synthesis of many organic substances

A

Liver

96
Q

Detoxifies the body against noxious substances

A

Liver

97
Q

Brownish yellow substance found in the bile
Produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells

A

BILIRUBIN

98
Q

Removed from the body through the stool (feces)
Gives stool its normal color

A

BILIRUBIN

99
Q

Water-insoluble bilirubin
Toxic bilirubin and its accumulation in the brain may lead to kernicterus

A

B1 or indirect or unconjugated bilirubin

100
Q

Water-soluble bilirubin
Eliminated in the urine and makes it appear dark-yellow

A

B2 or direct or conjugated bilirubin

101
Q

SGOT – Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase
Tissue sources: liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, brain, spleen and lungs

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

102
Q

SGPT – Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase
Tissue sources: liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas
Considered as a liver-specific enzyme and is increased in cases of hepatic disorders

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

103
Q

Helps identify the cause of hepatic disorders

A

De Ritis Ratio (ALT/AST ratio)

104
Q

Useful in the diagnosis of bone and liver diseases

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

105
Q

Useful in the diagnosis of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

106
Q

Useful in the assessment of insecticide and pesticide poisoning

A

Cholinesterase

107
Q

Measures the total amount of protein in the blood

A

TOTAL SERUM PROTEIN TESTS

108
Q

Made mainly in the liver
Helps keep the blood from leaking out of the blood vessels
Helps carry some medicines and other substances through the blood
Important for tissue growth and healing

A

Albumin

109
Q

Group of proteins in the bloodstream that help regulate the function of the circulatory system

A

Globulin

110
Q

Refers to the low total protein level in the blood

A

Hypoproteinemia

111
Q

Suggestive of liver disorders, kidney disorders or a disorder in which protein is not digested or absorbed properly

A

Hypoproteinemia

112
Q

Refers to the high total protein level in the blood

A

Hyperproteinemia

113
Q

May be seen with chronic inflammation or infections such as viral hepatitis or HIV

A

Hyperproteinemia

114
Q

Test of plasma clotting activity

A

PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)

115
Q

Reflects the activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors synthesized by the liver

A

PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)

116
Q

Reflects the activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors synthesized by the liver

A

PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)

117
Q

To evaluate whether one’s heart is healthy or not
Patient’s who experienced episodes of myocardial infarction as manifested by chest pain

A

Cardiac Function tests

118
Q

Most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage
Isoforms of the proteins T and I are specific to myocardium
Expected to peak 12 hours after infarction

A

Troponin test

119
Q

Along with troponin, ordered as a cardiac biomarker to help diagnose or rule out a heart attack

Increase later than troponin but not specific and will not stay elevated for long as troponin

A

Myoglobin

120
Q

Rise: 2 – 3 hours ;
Peak: 8 – 12 hours ;
Normalized: 24 hours

A

Myoglobin

121
Q

A biomarker indicative of an inherent cancerous condition

A

Tumor markers

122
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

123
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

124
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

125
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

126
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

127
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

128
Q

tumor marker are also called…

A

special chemistry tests

129
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)

130
Q

gastrointestinal cancer

A

CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)

131
Q

prostate cancer

A

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

132
Q

gestational trophoblastic disease

A

hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

133
Q

neuroendocrine tumor

A

NSE (Neuron Specific Enolase)

134
Q

ovarian cancer

A

CA 125

135
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

CA 19-9

136
Q

breast cancer

A

CA 15-3

137
Q

medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Calcitonin

138
Q

smooth muscle carcinoma

A

Desmin

PMLS (12 decks)

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