Immunisation

Question 1

What are the purpose of vaccinations?

Answer 1

to teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens

Question 2

What are the 3 forms of immunulogical mechanisms?

Answer 2

active
passive
herd immunity

Question 3

What does active immunity consist of?

Answer 3

antigens

antibodies

Question 4

What does passive immunity consist of?

Answer 4

the transfer of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulins) antigens from mother -> baby via the placenta
human Ig injections
antibodies from blood donors - human Ig and specific Ig

Question 5

What is herd immunity?

Answer 5

the ability to protect unvaccinated individuals through having a significantly large population vaccinated that stop tansmission

Question 6

What is required for the eradication of a disease?

Answer 6

specific proportion is required to be immune: based on social mixing in the populaion and transmitibility and infectiousness of the organism

Question 7

What are live virus vaccines?

Answer 7

attenuated organism

replicates in host

Question 8

Give examples of a live virus vaccine?

Answer 8

Rubella

measles

Question 9

What are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 9

suspension of killed organisms or subunit vaccines or conjugated vaccines (polysaccharide attatched to immunogenic proteins)

Question 10

Give an example of a inactivated bacterial vaccine?

Answer 10

pertussis

Question 11

Give an example of a inactivated viral vaccine?

Answer 11

polio

Question 12

Give an example of a inactivated toxin vaccine?

Answer 12

diphtheria

Question 13

What are the contraindications for live vaccines?

Answer 13

immunosuppression

pregnancy

Question 14

What are the contraindications for vaccines?

Answer 14

comfirmed anaphylaxis
egg allergy - yellow fever/flu
latex allergy - severe
acute/evolving illness

Question 15

At what months are children given their Hep B vaccine?

Answer 15

2,3 and 4

Question 16

At what months are children given their Men B vaccine?

Answer 16

2,4,12

Question 17

At what months are children given their MMR vaccine?

Answer 17

12 -13mnths AND

3 years 4 months to 5years

Question 18

When is the flu jab given?

Answer 18

2 - 12 years

>65 years

Question 19

When is the rotavirus vaccine given?

Answer 19

2mnths and 3mnths

Question 20

What is diphtheria?

Answer 20

URTI with a sore throat and low grade fever

white adherant membrane on the tonsils, pharynx and nasal cavity

Question 21

What is diphtheria caused by?

Answer 21

aerobic, gram -ve Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 22

How does meningococcal disease spread?

Answer 22

respiratory droplets

Question 23

What age range is usually affected by meningococcal disease?

Answer 23

<5yrs and 15-24yrs

Question 24

What is the incubation period for meningococcal disease?

Answer 24

3-5 days

Question 25

What is meningococcal disease due to?

Answer 25

Nisseria meningitis | can be meningitis, septicaemia or Men and Sept

Question 26

Define elimination of a disease?

Answer 26

incidence of a specific disese is reduced to zero in a defined geographical are but continued intervention is required

Question 27

Define eradication of a disease?

Answer 27

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of a specific infection. Intervention is no longer needed

Question 28

Define extinction of a disease?

Answer 28

specific agent does not exist in nature or the laboratory

Question 29

Name 2 vaccines that are againts non infectious conditions?

Answer 29

CYTOO9-Ghr-Qb - against obesity - instructs the immune system to produce anti-gremlin antibodies BCG - bladder cancer - can eliminate white blood cells that destroy beta cells in the pancreas

Question 30

Describe the oral rehydration solution?

Answer 30

made using sugar, salt and water | UK solutions contain less sodium than developing country solutions

Question 31

How does the oral rehydration solution work?

Answer 31

relies on the sodium glucose co transport system mainly absorbed in the jejunum and relied on the active transport of sodium across the intestinal mucosa to act as an osmotic pull