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NPTE Other Systems > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of immune cells - Antigen (immunogen)

A

a foreign molecule that elicits the immune response

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins that are engaged to tag antigens

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2
Q

Types of immune cells - Lymphocytes (T and B)

A

primary cells of the immune system

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3
Q

Types of immune cells - Macrophages

A

Accessory cells that process and present antigens to the lymphocytes

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4
Q

Types of immune cells - Cytokines

A

molecules that link immune cells with other tissues and organs

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5
Q

Types of immune cells - CD molecules

A

Serve as master regulators of the immune response by influencing the function of all other immune cells

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6
Q

Types of immune cells - Recognition of self from foreign threat is mediated by

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) membrane molecules

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7
Q

Primary central gland of immune system

Location of it

A

thymus

Located behind the sternum above the heart and extends into the neck region to the lower edge of the thyroid gland

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8
Q

Thymus - size

A

fully developed at birth and reaches max size at puberty
then dec in size and slowly replaced by adipose tissue
It produces mature T lymphocytes

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9
Q

Lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells are formed

A

in lymph nodes

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10
Q

Spleen functions to

A

filter antigens from the blood and produce leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in response to infection

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11
Q

The immune response is

A

a coordinated response of the body’s cells and molecules that provides protection from infectious disease and foreign substances
Also defends against abnormal cells produced by the body

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12
Q

Primary immunodeficient disorders result from a defect in

A

T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues

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13
Q

Secondary immunodeficient disorders are caused by

A

underlying pathology or tx that depresses the immune system resulting in failure of the immune response

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14
Q

Autoimmune diseases characterized by

A

immune system responses directed against the body’s normal tissues
self destructive processes impair body function

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15
Q

HIV and AIDS - Pathophys

A

Reduction of CD4 helper T cells resulting in CD4 T lymphocytopenia - major defect in immune system
A retrovirus - replicates in reverse fashion, the RNA code is transcribed into DNA

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16
Q

HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 1

A

Acute HIV infection

Flu like illness within 2 to 4 wks after infection

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17
Q

HIV and AIDS -Stages of HIV - Stage 2

A

Clinical latency
Asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection
Can last a decade or longer

18
Q

HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 3

A

AIDS
the most severe phase
over time HIV destroys so many cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease resulting in opportunistic illnesses

19
Q

HIV and AIDS - Transmission

A

Through contact with certain body fluids from a person who has HIV
Fluid must come in contact with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue, or be directly injected into the blood stream

20
Q

HIV and AIDS - High risk bx for HIV transmission

A

Unprotected anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV
Sharing needles or syringes or other injection equipment with someone who has HIV
Can be spread from mother to child with pregnancy, birth, or breast feeding

21
Q

HIV and AIDS - HIV is NOT spread by

A

saliva, tears, sweat that is not mixed with the blood of an HIV positive person

22
Q

HIV and AIDS - AIDS cannot be contacted through

A

respiratory inhalation, skin contact, or human waste

23
Q

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV requires

A

positive results from two HIV tests

24
Q

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV -

A

CD4 cell count 500-1200 cells/mm
Testing with HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassays
Med eval and lab eval including plasma HIV load, blood cell and CD4 count, antiretroviral assa, drug resistance testing, and STD testing

25
Q

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of AIDS

A

CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm

AIDS related complex (ARC) - presence of acute sx secondary to immune deficiency

26
Q

HIV and AIDS - HIV symptoms

A

flu like symptoms

27
Q

HIV and AIDS - AIDS symptoms

A

exhibit some or all of HIV symptoms along with signs of failure to thrive

28
Q

HIV and AIDS - RED FLAGS

A

common adverse effects of ART include rash, nausea and vomit, diarrhea, HA, dizziness, fatigue and pain

29
Q

HIV and AIDS - PT

A

Exercise has positive effect on immune system

Moderate exercise program is recommended

30
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is what

A

a complex chronic syndrome characterized by whelming fatigue

31
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - pathophys

A

immunological abnormalities present
neuroendocrine changes
etiology is unknown

32
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis

A

done by exclusion

Must have two of the major criteria and 4 or more of the 8 symptoms

33
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - 2 required major criteria

A

New onset of persistent or relapsing fatigue - must be present for at least 6 months - does not resolve with bed rest and reduced daily activity by at least 50%
Exclusion of other chronic conditions

34
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - symptoms

A

NEED AT LEAST 4
Profound, prolonged fatigue - post exertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours
Sore throat that is recurring and frequent
Tender lymph nodes
Muscle pain
Sleep that is not refreshing
HA of new type, pattern, or severity
Multijoint pain without swelling or redness
Significant impairments of short term memory or concentration

35
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - most common inwho

A

women and men in younger ages (20s and 30s)

36
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - PT goals

A 
reduce activity when fatigue is maximal
bedrest contraindicated except for sleep
exercise rec: aerobic (low to mod intensity, 40-60 min, 3-5 days/wk)
maintain flexibility
maintain or improve mm strength
maintain function
37
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is what

A

a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue with sleep, memory, and mood disturbances

38
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - pathophys

A

Unknown etiology

Immunological and neurohormonal abnormalities

39
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - characteristics

A

Myalgia
Generalized aching, persistent fatigue
Sleep disturbances - morning stiffness
Multiple tender points

40
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - medical management - diagnosis requires

A

two criteria required for diagnosis

Widespread pain lasting at least 3 months and presence of 11 positive trigger points out of 18

41
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - PT goals

A

Daily exercise with focus on aerobic training

mild to mod intensity, 20-30 min progressing to 30-40 2 times/wk

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

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