Immune System Flashcards
Types of immune cells - Antigen (immunogen)
a foreign molecule that elicits the immune response
Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins that are engaged to tag antigens
Types of immune cells - Lymphocytes (T and B)
primary cells of the immune system
Types of immune cells - Macrophages
Accessory cells that process and present antigens to the lymphocytes
Types of immune cells - Cytokines
molecules that link immune cells with other tissues and organs
Types of immune cells - CD molecules
Serve as master regulators of the immune response by influencing the function of all other immune cells
Types of immune cells - Recognition of self from foreign threat is mediated by
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) membrane molecules
Primary central gland of immune system
Location of it
thymus
Located behind the sternum above the heart and extends into the neck region to the lower edge of the thyroid gland
Thymus - size
fully developed at birth and reaches max size at puberty
then dec in size and slowly replaced by adipose tissue
It produces mature T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells are formed
in lymph nodes
Spleen functions to
filter antigens from the blood and produce leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in response to infection
The immune response is
a coordinated response of the body’s cells and molecules that provides protection from infectious disease and foreign substances
Also defends against abnormal cells produced by the body
Primary immunodeficient disorders result from a defect in
T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues
Secondary immunodeficient disorders are caused by
underlying pathology or tx that depresses the immune system resulting in failure of the immune response
Autoimmune diseases characterized by
immune system responses directed against the body’s normal tissues
self destructive processes impair body function
HIV and AIDS - Pathophys
Reduction of CD4 helper T cells resulting in CD4 T lymphocytopenia - major defect in immune system
A retrovirus - replicates in reverse fashion, the RNA code is transcribed into DNA
HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 1
Acute HIV infection
Flu like illness within 2 to 4 wks after infection
HIV and AIDS -Stages of HIV - Stage 2
Clinical latency
Asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection
Can last a decade or longer
HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 3
AIDS
the most severe phase
over time HIV destroys so many cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease resulting in opportunistic illnesses
HIV and AIDS - Transmission
Through contact with certain body fluids from a person who has HIV
Fluid must come in contact with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue, or be directly injected into the blood stream
HIV and AIDS - High risk bx for HIV transmission
Unprotected anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV
Sharing needles or syringes or other injection equipment with someone who has HIV
Can be spread from mother to child with pregnancy, birth, or breast feeding
HIV and AIDS - HIV is NOT spread by
saliva, tears, sweat that is not mixed with the blood of an HIV positive person
HIV and AIDS - AIDS cannot be contacted through
respiratory inhalation, skin contact, or human waste
HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV requires
positive results from two HIV tests
HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV -
CD4 cell count 500-1200 cells/mm
Testing with HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassays
Med eval and lab eval including plasma HIV load, blood cell and CD4 count, antiretroviral assa, drug resistance testing, and STD testing
HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of AIDS
CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm
AIDS related complex (ARC) - presence of acute sx secondary to immune deficiency
HIV and AIDS - HIV symptoms
flu like symptoms
HIV and AIDS - AIDS symptoms
exhibit some or all of HIV symptoms along with signs of failure to thrive
HIV and AIDS - RED FLAGS
common adverse effects of ART include rash, nausea and vomit, diarrhea, HA, dizziness, fatigue and pain
HIV and AIDS - PT
Exercise has positive effect on immune system
Moderate exercise program is recommended
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is what
a complex chronic syndrome characterized by whelming fatigue
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - pathophys
immunological abnormalities present
neuroendocrine changes
etiology is unknown
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis
done by exclusion
Must have two of the major criteria and 4 or more of the 8 symptoms
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - 2 required major criteria
New onset of persistent or relapsing fatigue - must be present for at least 6 months - does not resolve with bed rest and reduced daily activity by at least 50%
Exclusion of other chronic conditions
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - symptoms
NEED AT LEAST 4
Profound, prolonged fatigue - post exertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours
Sore throat that is recurring and frequent
Tender lymph nodes
Muscle pain
Sleep that is not refreshing
HA of new type, pattern, or severity
Multijoint pain without swelling or redness
Significant impairments of short term memory or concentration
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - most common inwho
women and men in younger ages (20s and 30s)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - PT goals
reduce activity when fatigue is maximal bedrest contraindicated except for sleep exercise rec: aerobic (low to mod intensity, 40-60 min, 3-5 days/wk) maintain flexibility maintain or improve mm strength maintain function
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is what
a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue with sleep, memory, and mood disturbances
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - pathophys
Unknown etiology
Immunological and neurohormonal abnormalities
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - characteristics
Myalgia
Generalized aching, persistent fatigue
Sleep disturbances - morning stiffness
Multiple tender points
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - medical management - diagnosis requires
two criteria required for diagnosis
Widespread pain lasting at least 3 months and presence of 11 positive trigger points out of 18
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - PT goals
Daily exercise with focus on aerobic training
mild to mod intensity, 20-30 min progressing to 30-40 2 times/wk
