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NPTE Other Systems > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is characterized by what

A

rapidly proliferating anaplastic cells

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2
Q

CA - early warning signs

A 
Unusual bleeding or discharge
A lump or thickening of any area
A sore that does not heal
Change in b/b 
Hoarseness or persistent cough
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Change in size or appearance of wart or mole
Unexplained weight loss
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3
Q

Pathophys - Tumor or neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of new tissue that is nonfunctional and competes for vital blood supply an nutrients

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4
Q

Pathophys - Benign tumor (neoplasm)

A

localized, slow growing, usually encapsulated, non invasive

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5
Q

Pathophys - Malignant tumor (neoplasm)

A

Invasive, rapid growth giving rise to metastasis, can be life threatening
Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Leukemias, and Myelomas

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6
Q

Pathophys - Malignant tumor (neoplasm) - Carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor originating in epithelial tissues (skin, stomach, colon, breast, rectum)
Carcinoma in situ is premalignant that has not invaded the basement membrane

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7
Q

Pathophys - Malignant tumor (neoplasm) - Sarcoma

A

A malignant tumor originating in the connective and mesodermal tissues (muscle, bone, fat)

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8
Q

Pathophys - Malignant tumor (neoplasm) - Lymphoma

A

affecting lymphatic system (hodgkins, lymphatic leukemia)

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9
Q

Pathophys - Malignant tumor (neoplasm) - Leukemias and Myelomas

A

affecting blood and blood forming organs

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10
Q

Pathophys - Metastasis

A

Movement of cancer cells from one body part to another

Spread is via lymphatic system or bloodstream

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11
Q

Cancer staging describes what

A

Describes the extent or severity of a person’s cancer

Based on primary tumor (T), Regional lymph node involvement (N), and Metastasis (M)

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12
Q

Cancer staging - Stage 0

A

Carcinoma in situ

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13
Q

Cancer staging - Stage 1

A

Tumor is localized, equal to or less than 2 cm

Has not spread to lymph nodes

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14
Q

Cancer staging - Stage 2

A

Tumor is locally more advanced

2cm to 5cm with or without lymph node involvement

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15
Q

Cancer staging - Stage 3

A

Tumor is locally more advanced
Spread to lymph nodes
Designated type 2 vs. 3 depending on cancer type

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16
Q

Cancer staging - Stage 4

A

tumor has metastasized

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17
Q

Cancer grades - Grade 1

A

Low grade

CA cells resemble normal cells (well differentiated) and are slow growing

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18
Q

Cancer grades - Grade 2

A

Intermediate grade

CA cells look more abnormal (moderately differentiated) and are slightly faster growing

19
Q

Cancer grades - Grade 3

A

High grade
CA cells are abnormal (poorly differentiated)
Grow or spread more aggressively

20
Q

Cancer grades - Grade 4

A

High grade

CA cells are abnormal (undifferentiated)

21
Q

RED FLAGS - with radiation therapy can see

A

pain, fatigue, radiation sickness, immunosuppression, fibrosis, burns, delayed wound healing, edema, hair loss, CNS effects

22
Q

RED FLAGS - with chemotherapy can see

A

Fatigue, GI symptoms, bone marrow suppression, fatigue, skin rashes, neuropathies, phlebitis, hair loss

23
Q

RED FLAGS - with immunotherapy can see

A

fatigue, weight loss, flu symptoms, n/v, anorexia, fluid retention

24
Q

RED FLAGS - with hormonal therapy can see

A

GI symptoms, hypertension, steroid induced diabetes and myopathy, weight gain, hot flashes, sweating, altered mental status, impotence

25
Q

Pain - CA pain syndrome

A

CA related pain is a common experience
Sympathetic signs might accompany
Pain at site distal to initial tumor site might be sign of metastasis
Iatrogenic pain can occur from surgery, radiation or chemo

26
Q

CA related fatigue (CRF)

A

Most common symptom reported by pt with CA

Need to assess QOL!

27
Q

RED FLAGS - lung, breast, prostate, thyroid and lymphatic commonly metastasize where

A

to bone

Pathological fractures, pain, mm spasms may result

28
Q

RED FLAGS - paraneoplastic syndrome

A

s/s produced at site distal to initial tumor site or metastasized tumor sites, from ectopic hormone production by tumor cells or metabolic abnormalities from secretion of tumor vasoactive products

29
Q

RED FLAGS - adverse effects of CA tx

A

Need to monitor vitals cont.
Mm atrophy and weakness
ROM deficits
Hematological disruption - dec WBC, platelet suppression, RBC suppression

30
Q

RED FLAGS - PT for those with significant bony metastases, OP, or low platelet counts (below 20,000)

A

AROM and ADL exercise ONLY!
WB may be restricted
High risk vertebral compression and other fractures

31
Q

Contraindications to exercise

A

Day of IV chemotherapy or within 24 hrs of tx
Severe reaction to radiation therapy
Acute infection or fever
Sever n/v or diarrhea within 24-36 hrs
Unusual or extreme fatigue, recent bone pain
Chest pain, vitals

32
Q

Postmasectomy focus is on

A

restoration of pain free full ROM of shoulder, prevention/reduction of edema, restoration of function
Early postoperative exercise is stressed

33
Q

Post bone marrow transplant focus is on

A

restoration of function, overcoming effects of deconditioning
Experience prolonged hspitalization and inactivity - avg is 30 days

34
Q

RED FLAGS - exercise is contraindicated for patients with what platelet count

A

20,000 or less!

Use caution when 20,000 - 50,000

35
Q

RED FLAGS - physical agents - Thermal agents

A

Do not use directly over tumor
Do not use over dyvascular tissue (tissue exposed to radiation)
Do not use with those with dec sensitivity to temp or pain
Do not use in areas of inc bleeding
Do not use with acute injury, inflammation, open wounds

36
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000 - 450,000

37
Q

WBC norm

A

4,800 - 10,800

38
Q

WBC - when no exercise

A

less than 1,000

39
Q

Hemoglobin norm (F and M)

A

F - 12-16

M - 13-18

40
Q

Hemoglobin - when no exercise

A

less than 8

41
Q

Hematocrit norm - F and M

A

F - 37-48%

M - 45-52%

42
Q

Hematocrit - when no exercise

A

less than 25%

43
Q

RED FLAGS - thermal agents - Cryotherapy

A

Do not use with pt wth insensitivity to cold or delayed wound healing
Do not use over dysvascular tissue

44
Q

RED FLAGS - thermal agents - Hydrotherapy with agitation

A

Do not use of dyvascular tissue
Do not use with those that have dec sensitivity
Do not use with those at inc bleeding risk
Risk of cross infection is high with immunosuppressed individuals

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

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