Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NPTE Other Systems > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

The GI tract is what

A

a long hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus
Ingested foods and fluids are broken down into molecules that are absorbed and used by the body while waste products are eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The upper GI tract consists of

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Functions for ingestion and initial digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The middle GI tract consists of

A 
Small intestine (DJ ileum)
Major digestive and absorption processes occur here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The lwoer GI tract consists of

A 
Large intesting (cecum, colon, rectum)
Primary func of absorption of water and electrolytes, storage and elimination of waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Accessory organs aid in and include what

A

Aid in digestion by producing digestive secretions

Include salivary glands, liver, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major GI hormones include

A

Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - nausea is what

A

unpleasant sensation that signals stimulation of medullary vomiting center and often preceeds vomitting
Vomiting is the forceful oral expulsion of abdominal contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Diarrhea

A

passage of frequent, watery, unformed stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Constipation

A

A decrease in normal elimination with excessively hard, dry stools, and difficult elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Obstipation

A

intractable constipation with resulting fecal impaction, the retention of hard dry stools in the rectum and colon
Impaction can cause partial or complete bowel obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RED FLAGS - constipation can cause

A

abdominal pain and tenderness in anterior hip, groin or thigh regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - anorexia

A

loss of appetite with inability to eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - achalasia

A

the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax and food is trapped in esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - heart burn

A

painful burning sensation felt in esophagus in midepigastric area behind sternum or throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - abdominal pain

A

result of inflammation, ischemia, and mechanical stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from esophagus can refer to

A

midback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Midthoracic spine pain (nerve root pain) can appear as

A

esophageal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from liver, diaphragm, or pericardium can refer to

A

shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns – Visceral pain from gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, or SI can refer to the

A

midback and scapular regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from colon, appendix, or pelvic viscera can refer to

A

pelvis, low back, or sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GI bleeding (appearing in vomit or feces) can be result of

A

erosive gastritis
peptic ulcers
prolonged use of NSAIDs
chronic alcohol use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is caused by

A

reflux or backward moveemnt of gastric contents of the stomach into the esophagus producing heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - results from

A

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to refulate flow of food from the esophagus into the stomach and icnreased gastric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - RED FLAGS

A

Atypical pain may present as head and neck pain
Chest pain is sometimes mistaken for heart attack
Resp symptoms can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - complications

A

strictures and Barrett’s esophagus (a precancerous state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - PT interventions

A

Positional changes from full supine to more upright
Valsalva - CONTRAINDICATED
Lifestyle modifications - sleep with head elevated, avoid large meals

28
Q

Esophagus - Hiatal hernia is what

A

Protrusion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm (rolling hiatal hernia) or displacement of both the stomach and gastroesophageal junction upward into the thorax (sliding hiatal hernia)

29
Q

Esophagus - hiatal hernia symptoms

A

heartburn from GERD

30
Q

Stomach - Gastritis is what

A

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa

Can be acute or chronic

31
Q

Stomach - Gastritis - acute gastritis is caused by

A

severe burns, aspirin or other NSAIDs, corticosteroids, food allergies, or viral or bacterial infections

32
Q

Stomach - Gastritis - symptoms

A

anorexia
n/v
pain

33
Q

Stomach - Gastritis - Chronic gastritis occurs with

A

certain diseases like peptic ulcer, bacterial infection caused by helicobacter pylori, stomach cancer, pernicious anemia, or autoimmune disorders

34
Q

Stomach - Gastritis - RED FLAGS

A

Pt taking NSAIDs long term need to be monitored for stomach pain, bleeding, n/v

35
Q

Stomach - peptic ulcer disease refers to

A

ulcerative lesions that occur in the upper GI tract in areas exposed to acid-pepsin secretions
Can affect one or all layers of stomach or duodenum

36
Q

Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - caused by

A 
number of factors
bacterial infection (H pylori)
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin and NSAIDs)
Excessive secretion of gastric acids
Stress
Hereditary
37
Q

Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - symptoms

A 
Epigastric pain (gnawing, burning, cramp like)
Aggravated by change in position and absence of food in stomach
Relieved by food or antacids
38
Q

Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - complications

A

Hemorrhage

39
Q

Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - RED FLAGS

A

Pain from peptic ulcers located on post wall of stomach can present as radiating back pain
Pain can also radiate to right shoulder

40
Q

Intestines - malabsorption syndrome is what

A

a complex of disorders characterized by problems in intestinal absorption of nutrients

41
Q

Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - can be caused by

A

gastric or small bowel resection or different diseases like CF, celiac, Crohns, pancreatitis, pernicious anemia

42
Q

Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - symptosm

A 
anorexia
weight loss
abdominal bloating
pain and cramps
indigestion
steatorrhea (abnormal amount of fat in feces)
43
Q

Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - RED FLAGS

A 
iron deficiency anemia
Easy bruising from lack of Vit K
MM weakness and fatigue
Bone loss, pain, predisposition to fx
Neuropathy including tetany 
Mm spasms
peripheral edema
44
Q

Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is what

A

refers to two related chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders - Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis (UC)
Both result in inflammation of the bowel and are characterized by remissions and exacerbations

45
Q

Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Symptoms

A

abdominal pain
frequent attacks of dirrhea
decal urgency
weight loss

46
Q

Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - RED FLAGS

A

Joint pain and skin rashes can occur - pain can be referred to low back
Complications - low bone density and fracture risk
Can lead to anxiety and depression

47
Q

Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Crohn’s disease involves

A

a granulomatous type of inflammation that can occur anywhere along the GI tract
Areas of adjacent normal tissue called skip lesions are present

48
Q

Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Ulcerative colitis involves

A

an ulcerative exudative inflammation of the large intestine and rectum
Characterized by varying amounts of bloody diarrhea, mucus, and pus
Skip lesions are absent

49
Q

Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by

A

abnormally increased motility of the small and large intestines
AKA spastic, nervous, or irritable colon

50
Q

Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Associated with

A

emotional stress and certain foods

No structural or biochemical abnormalities have been identified

51
Q

Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - symptoms

A

persistent or recurrent abdominal pain that is relieved by defecation
Pt may experience constipation or diarrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, flatulence, nausea, and anorexia

52
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease is characterized by what

A

pouch like herniations (diverticula) of the mucosal layer of the colon through the muscularis layer

53
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulosis refers to

A

pouch like herniations of the colon, especially the sigmoid colon
Diverticulosis can lead to diverticulitis

54
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis refers to

A

inflammation of one or more diverticula - fecal matter penetrates diverticula and causes inflammation and abscess

55
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis - symptoms

A

pain and cramping in left lower quadrant, n/v, slight fever, elevated WBC

56
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis - complications

A

bowel obstruction, performation with peritonitis, hemorrhage

57
Q

Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis RED FLAGS

A

pt may complain of back pain

58
Q

Intestines - appendicitis is what

A

an inflammation of the veriform appendix
As condition progresses, appendix becomes swollen, gangrenous, and perforated
Perforation can be life threatening and lead to development of peritonitis

59
Q

Intestines - appendicitis - s/s

A 
pain is abrupt at onset - localized to epigastric or periumbilical area, and inc in intensity overtime 
Rebound tenderness (blumberg's sign) is present in response to depression of the abdominal wall
Point tenderness at McBurney's point (1.5-2 in above ASIS in righ tlower quadrant
60
Q

Intestines - appendicitis - RED FLAGS

A

Immediate med attention is required

Elevations in WBC (over 20,000) are indicative of perforation

61
Q

Intestines - Peritonitis is what

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavitiy

62
Q

Intestines - Peritonitis - results from

A

bacterial invasion and infection of the peritoneum

63
Q

Intestines - Peritonitis - symptooms

A 
abdominal distension
severe abdominal pain
rigidity from reflex guarding
rebound tenderness
n/s
dec or absent bowel sounds
tachycardia
might see elevated WBC, fever, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension
64
Q

Intestines - Peritonitis - can lead to

A

toxemia and shock, circulatory failure and resp distress

65
Q

Rectum - rectal fissure is what

A

a tear or ulceration of the lining of the anal canal

constipation and large, hard stools are contributing factors

66
Q

Rectum - hemorrhoids (piles) are what

A

Varicosities in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion of the veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions