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NPTE Other Systems > Hematological System > Flashcards

Hematological System Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Plasma makes up what percent of total blood volume

A

55%

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2
Q

Plasma does what

A

carries the cellular elements of blood through circulation

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3
Q

Plasma is composed of

A

91% water
7% proteins
2-3% other small molecules

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4
Q

Plasma - electrolytes in plasma do what

A

determine osmotic pressure and pH balance

these are important for exchange of fluids between capillaries and tissues

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5
Q

Plasma proteins include what

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Serum is plasma without clotting factors

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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs make up 45% of total blood volume and contain oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin responsible for transporting oxygen

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7
Q

RBCs are produced where

A

in the marrow of the long bones and controlled by hormones (erythropoietin)

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8
Q

RBCs are time limited - survival is what

A

120 days

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9
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs make up about 1% of total blood volume and circulate through the lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

Leukocytes function in what

A

immune processes as phagocytes of bacteria, fungi, an viruses
Also aid in capturing toxinc proteins resulting from allergic reactions and cellular injury

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11
Q

Leukocytes are produced where

A

in the bone marrow

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12
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes (agranulocytes)

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils (granulocytes)

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis is what

A

the normal function and generation of blood cells in the bone marrow

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14
Q

Hematopoiesis - production, differentiation, and function of blood cells is regulated by

A

cytokines and growth factors (chemical messengers) acting on blood forming cells (pluripotent stem cells)

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15
Q

Disorders of Hematopoiesis include

A

aplastic anemia and leukemias

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16
Q

Blood screening tests - complete blood count determines

A

the number of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets per unit of blood

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17
Q

Blood screening tests - white cell differential count determines

A

the relative percentages of individual white blood cell types

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18
Q

Blood screening tests - erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is what

A

the rate of red blood cells that settle out in a tube of unclotted blood - given in mm per hour

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19
Q

Blood screening tests - elevated ESR would indicate

A

inflammation

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20
Q

Hemostasis is what

A

the termination or arrest of blood flow by mechanical or chemical processes
Can be vasospasm, platelet aggregation, thrombin, and fibrin synthesis

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21
Q

Hemostasis - blood clotting requires what

A

platelets produced in bone marrow, von Willebrand’s factor produced by the endothelium of blood vessels and clotting factors produced by the liver using vitamin K

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22
Q

Hemostasis - fibrinolysis is what

A

clot dissolution that prevents excess clot formation

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23
Q

Hypercoagubility disorders are caused by

Study These Flashcards
A

Inc platelet function - atherosclerosis, DM, elevated blood lipids and cholesterol
Accelerated activity of the clotting system - CHF, malignant diseases, preganancy, use of oral contraceptives, immobility

24
Q

Hypocoagulopathy disorders are caused by

Study These Flashcards
A

Platelet defects as seen in bone marrow dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathia
Coagulation defects - hemophilia, von Willebrands disease
Vascular disorders - hemorrhagic telangiectasia, vit C def, Cushings, senile purpura

25
Shock - is what
an abnormal condition of inadequate blood flwo to the body tissues Associated with hypotension, inadequate CO, changes in peripheral blood flow resistance
26
Shock - Hypovolemic shock is caused by
hemorrhage, vomiting or diarrhea | Loss of body fluids also occurs with dehydration, Addisons disease, burns, pacreatitis, or peritonitis
27
Progressive Shock is associated with what
restlessness, and anxiety, weakness, lethargy, pallor with cool moist skin, fall in body temp
28
S/S of hematological disorders
Easy bruising with spontaneous petechiae and purpura of the skin External hematomas might be present
29
RED FLAGS - with PT interventions
Extreme caution with manual therapy and use of some modalities (compression) Strenuous exercise is contraindicated due to inc risk of hemorrhage
30
Anemia - characteristics
Dec in hemoglobin levels in the blood
31
Anemia - etiology
Decrease in RBC production Destruction of RBC Loss of blood (hemorrhage)
32
Anemia - etiology - Dec in RBC production
Nutritional deficiency (iron, vit B, folic acid) Cellular maturation defects Dec bone marrow stimulation (hypothyroid) Bone marrow failure (leukemia, aplasia, neoplasm) Genetic defect
33
Anemia - etiology - RBC destruction
``` Autoimmune hemolysis Sickle cell disease Enzyme defects Parasites (malaria) Hyersplenism Chronic diseases (RA, TB, CA) ```
34
Anemia - etiology - loss of blood
``` Tauma Wound Bleeding Peptic ulcer Excessive menstruation ```
35
Anemia - Clinical s/s
Fatigue and weak with min exertion Dyspnea on exertion Pallor or yellow skin of face, hands, nail beds, lips Tachycardia Bleeding of gums, mucous mem, or skin w/o trauma Severe anemia can see hypoxic damage to liver, kidney, and maybe heart failure
36
Anemia - PT RED FLAGS
Pt with anemia exhibit dec exercisee tolerance Exercise should be instituted gradually with physician approval RPE should be used
37
Sickle cell disease - what is it
Groupd of inherited, autosomal recessive RBC disorders Erythrocytes, specifically hemoglobin, are abnormal RBCs are crescent or sickle shaped instead of biconcave
38
Sickle cell disease - types
``` HbSS (most severe) HbSC HbS beta thalassemia HbSD HbSE HbSO ```
39
Sickle cell disease - sickle cell trait
Heterozygous form of sickle cell anemia characterizes by abnormal RBCs Individuals are carriers and do not develop the disease
40
Sickle cell disease - Chronic hemolytic anemia (sickle cell anemia)
Hemoglobin is released into plasma with resultant reduced oxygen delivery to tissues Results from bone marrow aplasia, hemolysis, folate deficiency, or splenic involvement
41
Sickle cell disease - Vasooclusion from misshapen erythrocytes
Results in ischemia, occlusion, and infarction of adjacent tissue
42
Sickle cell disease - Sickle cell crisis
Acute episodic condition occurring in children with sickle cell anemia
43
Sickle cell disease - Sickle cell crisis s/s
Pain - acute abdominal pain, painful swelling in hands and feet, persistent HA Bone and joint crises - extremity and back pain Naurologic - dizzy, convulsions, coma, nystagmus Pulmonary - chest pain, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea
44
Sickle cell disease - complications
Vascular - stroke, ulcers, infarcts Pulmonary hypertension Neuro - paresthesias, CN palsies, hemiplegia, blind Renal - enuresis, nocturia, hamturia, renal failure Anemic crisis - rapid drop in hemoglobin Aplastic crisis - severe anemia Splenic - liver and spleen enlargement
45
Sickle cell disease - PT interventions
Application of warmth is soothing (hydrotherapy) Relaxation techniques Exercise intolerance is common - exaggerated HR response Low to mod exercise is okay
46
Sickle cell disease - PT RED FLAGS
Cold is contraindicated as it increased VC and sickling
47
Hemophilia is what
A group of hereditary bleeding disorders | Inherited as a sex linked recessive disorder of blood coagulation - affects males, females are carriers
48
Hemophilia - Clotting factor VIII deficiency
Hemophilia A | most common - classic hemophilia
49
Hemophilia - Clotting factor IX deficiency
Hemophilia B | Christmas disease
50
Hemophilia - Hemarthrosis
bleeding into joint spaces | most common in synovial like knees, ankle, elbow, hips
51
Hemophilia - hemorrhage into mm often impacts
forearm flexors gastroc/soleus iliopsoas
52
Hemophilia - complications
``` Joint contractures Mm weakness Leg length changes Postural scoliosis Dec aerobic fitness Gait deviations - equinus, lack knee extensor torque ADL deficiency ```
53
Hemophilia - common s/s seen in PT exam
``` acute bleeding episodes dec ROM stiffening pain swelling tenderness heat prickling or tingling sensations ```
54
Hemophilia - PT interventions
Acute - RICE, prevent deformity Subacute - Isometrics and aquatics, pain management, AAROM, open chain (closed may put pressure into joint), contracture management Chronic - HEP for inc joint function, aerobic fitness, and strength
55
Hemophilia - PT interventions - RED FLAG
passive stretching is rarely used due to risk of myositis ossificans

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