Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NPTE Other Systems > Endocrine and Metabolic Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus controls release of

A

pituitary hormones - CRH, TRH, GHRH, somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anterior pituitary gland controls release of

A

GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Posterior pituitary gland controls release of

A

ADH and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adrenal cortex controls release of

A

mineral corticosteroids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
adrenal adrogens (DHEA)
androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The adrenal medulla controls release of

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The thyroid controls release of

A

triiodothyronin and thyroxine

Thyroid C cells control release of calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parathyroid glands control release of

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pancreatic islet cells control release of

A

insulin, glucagons, somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Kindey control release of

A

I,25 dihydroxy vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ovaries control release of

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tested control release of

A

androgens (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Amylin
Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - Insulin

A

allows uptake of glucose from blood stream
suppresses hepatic glucose production, lowering plasma glucose levels
secreted by the beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - glucagon

A

stimulates hempatic glucose production to raise glucose levels, especially in fasting state
secreted by the alpha cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - amylin

A

modulates rate of nutrient delivery (gastric emptying)
suppresses release of glucagon
secreted by the beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - somatostatin

A

acts locally to depress secretion of both insulin and glycogen
decreases motility of stomach, duodenum, gallbladder,
decreases secretion and absorption of GI tract
secreted by the delta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - is what

A

a cluster of risk factors that increase the liklihood of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - criteria for diagnosis

A 
Abdominal obesity 
High cholesterol
Low HDL cholesterol
High BP (135 or higher sys, 85 or higher diast)
Fasting blood sugar 100 or higher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - etiology

A

no one cause

unhealthy lifestyle with diet high in fats may contribute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - incidence

A

1 in 4 individuals
more common in older adults and individuals prone to blood clots and inflammation
might run in families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - Treatment

A

manage risk factors

Lifestyle modifications and meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is what

A

A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by deficiency or absence of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas or by defects of the insulin receptors
Causes abnormally high level of sugar or glucose in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type 1 DM

A

AKA insulin dependent, juvenile onset diabetes

Affects about 1% of population and 10% of all with diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type 1 DM - characteristics

A

Dec size and number of islet cells - deficiency in insulin secretion
Usually in children and young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Etiology type 1 DM

A

caused by autoimmune abnormalities, genetic causes, or environmental causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Type 1 DM - insulin ___

A

dependent - requires insulin delivery by injection, insulin pump, or inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Type 1 DM - prone to ____

A

ketoacidosis - presence of ketone bodies in the urine, the by products of fat metabolism (ketonuria)

28
Q

Type 2 DM results from

A

inadequate utilization of insulin (insulin resistance) and progressive beta cell dysfunction
AKA non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes
90-95% of cases

29
Q

Type 2 DM characteristics

A

Gradual onset
Usually not insulin dependent
Not prone to ketoacidosis

30
Q

Type 2 DM etiologu

A

caused by combination of factors
insulin resistance in mm and adipose tissue
progressive decline in pancreatic insulin production
excessive hepatic glucose production
inappropriate glucagon secretion

31
Q

Type 2 DM risk factors

A 
linked to obesity and older adults 
obese children 
family hx
unhealthy eating
lack of physical activiy
32
Q

Secondary diabetes

A

associated with other conditions - endocrine disease, drugs, chemical agents

33
Q

Gestational DM

A

glucose intolerance associated with pregnancy
most likely in third trimester
affects 4% of pregnancies

34
Q

Prediabetes

A

impared glucose tolerance with abnormal response to oral glucose test
10-15% of individuals will convert to type 2 DM within 10 years

35
Q

Classic signs of DM

A 
Elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
Elevated sugar in urine (glycosuria)
Excessive excretion of urine (polyuria)
Excessive thirst (polydipsia), dry mouth
Excessive hunger (polyphagia)
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Blurred vision
HA
36
Q

Complications with DM

A

Microvascular disease (retinopathy, renal, polyneuropathy)
Macrovascular disease (dyslipidemia, CVA, MI, PAD)
Integumentary impairmens
Musculoskeletal impairments - inc adhesive cap and OP
Neuro (diabetic polyneuropathy, diabetic autonomic polyneuropathy)
Kidney, vision, liver impairments

37
Q

Diagnositc criteria for DM

A

1 symptoms plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200
Casual meaning nonfasting and without regard to last meal
2 fasting greater than or equal to 126
3 two hour post load glucose greater than or equal to 200 with oral glucose tolerance test

38
Q

DM - PT - benefit of regular exercise

A

improved glucose tolerance
increased insulin sensitivity
decreased glycosylated hemoglobin
decreased insulin requirements

39
Q

DM - PT - exercise rx

A

50-80% vo2 max
3-7 days/wk
2-3 sets, 8-12 reps with 60-80% 1 rep max

40
Q

DM - PT - exercise precautions - RED FLAGS

A

Monitor glucose levels prior and following exercise
Observe for s/s of hypoglycemia
Do not exercise when have hyperglycemia
Do not exercise without eating at least 2 hrs beforehand
Do not exercise without adequate hydration
Do not exercise alone
Do not inject into exercising muscles

41
Q

Hypoglycemia defined as

A

below 70 or rapid drop in glucose - onset is rapid

pale, shacking, sweating, hungry, tachycardic, feel faint

42
Q

Hypoglycemia - what to do

A

if awake - give sugar (juice, candy bar, glucose tablets, gel
if not awake - medical attention - need injection

43
Q

Hyperglycemia is defined as

A

over 300
gradual onset
weak, inc thirst, dec appetite, n/v, flushed, pulse is rapid and weak

44
Q

Hyperglycemia - what to do

A

medical attention

45
Q

Obesity - BMI is calculated how

A

by dividing and individuals weight in kg by the square of the perons height in meters

46
Q

Overweight - BMI - defined how

A

25 to 29.9

47
Q

Obesity - BMI - defined how

A

greater than or equal to 30

48
Q

Morbid obesity - BMI - defined how

A

Over 40

49
Q

Obesity - measurement with skin calipers - what is considered excess body fat

A

more than 1 inch

50
Q

Obesity - RED FLAGS

A

CP compromise
Altered biomechanics of joints
Inc risk of skin breakdown
Inc heat intolerance

51
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hypo

A

Decreased activity of the thyroid gland with deficient thyroid secretion
Slowed metabolic processes

52
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hypo - Etiology

A

dec thyroid releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus or by the pituitary gland, atrophy of the thyroid gland, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, over dosage with antithyroid med

53
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hypo - s/s

A

weight gain, lethargy, dry skin and hair, low BP, constipation, intolerance to cold, goiter

54
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hypo - if untreated can lead to

A

myxedema (severe hypothyroidism) with symptoms of swelling in hands, feet, face
Can lead to coma and death

55
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hypo - PT RED FLAGS

A

can lead to exercise intolderance, weakness, apathy, exercise induced myalgia, reduced CO

56
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hyper

A

hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
Unknown etiology
metabolic processes are accelerated

57
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hyper - s/s

A

nervousness, hyperreflexia, tremor, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea

58
Q

Thyroid disorders - Hyper - PT RED FLAG

A

can lead to exercise intolerance, fatigue associated with hypermetabolic state

59
Q

Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons)

A

Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function

Results in decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone

60
Q

Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons) - etiologu

A

autoimmune processes, infection, neorplasm, hemorrhage

61
Q

Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons) - s/s

A 
inc bronze pigmentation of skin
weak, dec endurance
anorexia, dehyrdrated, weight loss, GI issues
Anxxiety, dep
Dec tolerance to cold
Intolerance to stress
62
Q

Adrenal disorders - secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

can result from prolonged steroid therapy (ACTH)

Rapid withdrawal of the drugs and hypothalamic or pituitary tumors

63
Q

Adrenal disorders - Cushing’s syndrome

A

Metabolic disorder resulting from chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

64
Q

Adrenal disorders - Cushings - etilogy

A

most commonly from pituitary tumor with increased secretion of ACTH

65
Q

Adrenal disorders - Cushings - s/s

A 
Dec glucose tolerance
Round mood face
Obesity 
Dec testosterone or dec menstrual periods
Muscular atrophy
edema
hypokalemia
emotionla changes

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions