Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DAT > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

first line of immune defense

A

physical barriers
EXTERNAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

second line of immune defense

A

innate immunity
INTERNAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

third line of immune defense

A

adaptive immunity
HUMORAL AND CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

innate immune system

A

first line of defense and generates a rapid, nonspecific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

external immunity

A

skin - oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands kill microbes. skin is the first barrier to pathogens and viruses
antimicrobial proteins - lysozyme in saliva and tears break down microbial cell walls
cilia -lines the lungs and sweeps invaders out
gastric juice - stomach acid kills microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

leukocytes

A

WBCs
come from stem cells in the bone marrow and can differentiate into different types of immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neutrophils

A

function in the destruction of pathogens in infected tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monocytes

A

circulate in blood until they move into tissues via diapedesis where they develop into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

macrophages

A

in tissues, they phagocytize cell debris and pathogens and are derived from monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dendritic cells

A

ingest pathogens and stimulate the acquired immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mast cells

A

function in an allergic response, inflammatory response, and anaphylaxis (shock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

eosinophils

A

surround and destroy multicellular parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basophils

A

release histamine in the inflammatory response and recruited to tissues when needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NK cells

A

attack abnormal body cells, either tumors or pathogen-infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

relative abundance of leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. eosinophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

interferons

A

secreted by infected cells that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend against viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cytokines

A

chemical signaling molecules used in the immune response for cell-cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

interleukins

A

specific type of cytokine
- IL1 involved in the inflammatory reaction
- IL 2 triggers the adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • critical to innate immunity
  • key proteins that link innate and acquired immunity
  • innate immune cells have toll-like receptors that recognize molecular patterns that many pathogens have
  • the mechanism involves recognition of the molecular patterns present on the surface of pathogens
  • if they are deactivated, the immune system would be inhibited
20
Q

adaptive immune system

A

specific, third, and last line of immune defense that develops after the body has been attacked. immune response targets specific antigens

21
Q

antigens

A

specific foreign pathogen or molecule that can trigger an immune response

22
Q

epitopes

A

specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds

23
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to a specific antigen they recognize

24
Q

lymphocyte

A

primary cells of the adaptive immune response and originate in the bone barrow and concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen

25
B cells
* originate and mature in bone marrow * activated in response to foreign antigens * antibodies are glycoproteins produced by B cells that are specific to an antigen * disulfide bonds
26
clonal selection
when a foreign antigen activates a B cell, proliferation (expansion of the B cell population) occurs, thus forming daughter B cells -plasma cells - memory cells
27
plasma cells
B cells that circulate in the blood and release specific free antibodies that dispose of antigens by agglutination, inactivation, opsonization, and lysis
28
memory cells
long-lived B cells that store memory of an antigen they have encountered. they then circulate in the body, proliferate, and respond quickly to eliminate subsequent invasion by the same antigen. this secondary response is much faster than the primary response
29
T cells
originate in the bone barrow but mature in the thymus, and have antigen receptors 4 types: 1. cytotoxic 2. helper 3. suppressor 4. memory TIP: if an individual doesn't have a functioning thymus, they won't produce T cells
30
cytotoxic T cells
killer T cells that destroy by releasing perforin protein and via lysis
31
helper T cells
stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells
32
suppressor T cells
play a negative feedback role in the immune system
33
memory T cells
similar in function to memory B cells
34
humoral response (antibody-mediated response)
* occurs when extracellular pathogens are recognized in the blood or lymph * B cells are then stimulated to produce antibodies * B cells are critical to the humoral response
35
cell-mediated response
* occurs when an infected cell is recognized and bound by a T cell * the T cell then activates other T cells, causing proliferation that leads to lysis of the infected cell * T cells are critical to cell-mediated response
36
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
* MHC is a collection of glycoproteins that exists on membranes of all body cells * immune system differentiates between self and non-self by analyzing the antigens presented on MHCs * absence of MHCs would decrease ability to produce a T cell response * MHC 1 presents antigens depending on what is on the inside of the cell * MHC 2 presents what is found on outside of cell * all cells with a nucleus have MHC 1, but only antigen presenting cells have MHC 2
37
antibiotics
facilitate human immune responses by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. they are harmful to microorganisms. overuse can lead to vitamin deficiency
38
vaccines
build immunity to a specific part of a pathogen by placing a weak end or dead form of the pathogen via a preventative technique
39
divisions of adaptive immunity
active and passive
40
active immunity
acquired after direct exposure to an infection/vaccine **natural** - antibodies transferred from mother to baby **artificial**- antibodies given to you via serum injection
41
5 antibodies:
**M**e **A**nd **E**ve **D**on't **G**o IgM IgA IgE IgD IgG
42
IgM
pentamer first to show up, biggest
43
IgA
-dimer - immunoglobin - stops attachment of viruses
44
IgE
monomer "Eve has allergies" histamines and allergies
45
IgD
monomer don't know much about it
46
IgG
"Go" fetus gets immunity from mom going from placenta to fetus monomer

DAT (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions