Immune System

Question 1

How does your immune system work?

Answer 1

Your immune system recognizes the antigens on the surface of your cells

Question 2

If an organism enters with Foreign Antigens ________________________

Answer 2

Or antigens it fails to recognize the immune system will attack that foreign invader, all in an attempt to protect you

Question 3

The Immune System Includes

Answer 3

White Blood Cells
Antibodies
The lymphatic System
The Spleen
The Thymbus
Bone Marrow

Question 4

Macrophage (Monocyte)

Answer 4

I gobble up pathogens similar to Pac-Man

Question 5

Eosinophil

Answer 5

Promotes inflammation to control spread of an infection

Question 6

Basophil

Answer 6

I release histamine during an allergic reactions

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

I can be a T or B cell. T cells alert B cells to make antibodies

Question 8

Neutrophil

Answer 8

I am the most common White Blood Cell, against bacteria infections. I help to heal damaged tissues

Question 9

Spleen

Answer 9

25% of B and T cell lymphocytes and stored here and are released when needed

Question 10

Bone Marrow

Answer 10

Located inside of long bones tissue produces White Blood Cells

Question 11

Thymus Gland

Answer 11

Located in the chest region. It produces hormones that regulate T cell maturity

Question 12

The Lymphatic System

Answer 12

System of vessels and glands that contain White Blood Cells during times of infection

Question 13

Names for Disease Causing Organisms

Answer 13

Pathogen
Microbe
Microorganism
Infectious organism/infectious agent

Question 14

1st Line of Defense

Answer 14

-Non-Specific External Barriers of protection to prevent infection include
Nose Hairs
Tears
Salivary Amylase
Skin
Sweat
Ear Wax
Mucus
Stomach Acid
Urine
Cilia

Question 15

2nd Line of Defense

Answer 15

Non-Specific Internal If a pathogen gets through the first line of defenses the following can occur as part of the 2nd line defenses
1. Inflammatory Response : Increase of blood flow to the infection site
2. Macrophages (monocytes) : Gobble up foreign pathogens and release chemical interleukins triggering fever and fatigue
3. Interferon release : from cells infected by a virus. This chemical helps to block viral production

Question 16

3rd line of defense

Answer 16

Specific Internal If the pathogen is dividing faster than the 2nd line defenses can keep up with it, the 3rd line kicks into action:
1. Macrophages display the antigens from the pathogen on its surface (cell membrane)
2. Macrophages signal T-cells and show these cells what the antigens look like
3. T-cells travel to the bone marrow and spleen to alert B-cells into action
4. B-cells finally produce specific antibodies against the pathogens (antigens)

Question 17

Antigens

Answer 17

Proteins on the surface of cells. These proteins are unique to the organism

Question 18

Antibodies

Answer 18

Produced by B cell lymphocytes of the immune system, these are proteins that latch onto foreign antigens, preventing the organism from infecting cells

Question 19

Active Immunity

Answer 19

When a persons immune system responds to foreign antigens by producing their own antibodies, vaccines trigger active immunity

Question 20

Passive Immunity

Answer 20

When a person receives antibodies that they did not produce themselves
1. Infants receive antibodies through their mothers breast milk
2. Infusions of antibodies for those who can’t make their own

Question 21

Antibiotics

Answer 21

Medications that destroy bacteria only. Antibiotics have saved millions of human lives since the discovery of the first antibiotics Penicillin in 1928.
These medication do not work on viral illness such as cold, flu, or COVID

Question 22

Allergies

Answer 22

All overaction of immune system to harmless substances

Question 23

Histamine

Answer 23

Produced in response to allergen. Triggers sneezing, swelling, couching, itching, etc.

Question 24

Antihistamines

Answer 24

Medications that surpress the release of histamine
ex. Claritin Benadryl, Zyrtec, Allegra

Question 25

Anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)

Answer 25

The most serve allergic reaction. So much histamine is released that it causes air passage ways to swell and close making it nearly impossible to breathe

Question 26

Primary Immune Response

Answer 26

The first time you are exposed to a pathogen. During the first 5 days no measurable amount of antibodies are present. Between day 10-15 there is a gradual rise in antibodies

Question 27

Secondary Immune Response

Answer 27

Within 1-2 days after exposure, levels of antibiotics rise significantly. This is due to prior exposure to the pathogen and the memory cells that remains with you rarely get “sick” in the 2nd immune response situation

Question 28

Vaccine

Answer 28

• a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity again one or several diseases
• prepared from some agent of the pathogen without triggering the disease itself

Question 29

Autoimmune Disease

Answer 29

A Disease in which the immune system fails to recognize “self” and attack its own cells

Examples Include
- Celiac Disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Graves’ Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Psoriasis Rheumatoid Artists and Lupus

Question 30

HIV

Answer 30

Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus

Question 31

AIDS

Answer 31

Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome

Question 32

HIV/AIDS

Answer 32

-This virus attacks and weakens the immune system by infecting T cells lymphocytes
-Those infected many suffer more frequently from secondary infections

Question 33

Why the recent surge of new diseases?

Answer 33

-Ongoing merging of human and animal habitats and the increase in the exotic animal trade
-As humans clear more land for development, they come into contact with new animals and new pathogens