Immune Function 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the function of the immune system
A
- recognize foreign substances
- eliminate foreign substances
- produce antibodies to work against antigens
- prevent entry and remove foreign substances
2
Q
what is the body’s inate defenses
A
- natural immunity
- skin, body pH, maternal antibodies, inflammatory response, phagocytic response
- natural killer cells: attack infected cells
- complement proteins: work with antibody
3
Q
when do immunoglobulins develop
A
at different times throughout childhood/development
4
Q
what are the types of acquired immunity
A
- humoral (antibody mediated)
- cell mediated
5
Q
describe humoral immunity
A
antibody mediated
antibodies created by B lymphocytes (eventually memory B cells)
6
Q
describe cell medicated immunity
A
- T cells mature in thymus
- assist B lymphocytes to make antibodies
- killer T cells and eventually memory T cells
7
Q
immune diagnostics
A
- HIV test
- RAST
- skin reactions (intradermal skin testing)
8
Q
immune lab tests
A
- CBC
- complement
- immunoglobulins
9
Q
describe HIV
A
- immunodeficiency
- AIDS is caused by HIV
- HIV destroys body’s ability to fight infection
- *most HIV cases in children d/t perinatal trasmission
- leading cause of newly acquired HIV in teens is unprotected sex
10
Q
diagnoses of HIV
A
- HIV infected: 2 or more and HIV or clinical s/s of HIV infection or AIDS illness
- prenatally exposed: born to a mother known to be infected with HIV
- seroconverter: born to a mother known to be infected with HIV but has two negative HIV test
11
Q
what are the HIV classifications
A
- category N: not symptomatic
- category A: mildly symptomatic
- category B: moderately symptomatic
- category C: severely symptomatic, multiple recurrent serious bacterial infections
12
Q
HIV testing
A
- EIA &ELISA: most commonly used to identify HIV (positive results verified by western blot test)
- Western Blot test: definitive confirmatory test for HIV
- rapid HIV: useful for quick testing but may have false positive
13
Q
HIV nursing care
A
- close monitoring for s/s of infection
- hand hygiene, pathogen avoidance
- provide nutritional support
- keep skin & membranes healthy
- keep pain free
- teach prevention measures
- encouraged discussion
14
Q
HIV outcomes
A
- eliminate infection risk
- demonstrate good nutritional intake
- maintain intact skin an oral mucous membrane
- freedom from pain
- demonstrate knowledge about care and emotional health
15
Q
what is an immune deficiency
A
- reduction or loss of ability to identify and remove foreign substances
- treatment: prevent infection and enhance immunity
16
Q
what is an autoimmune disorder
A
- reduction or loss of ability to distinguish self from nonself
- treatment: suppress immune response
17
Q
autoimmune nursing care
A
- identify triggers
- reduce exacerbation/flare ups (ie/ reduce stress)
- prevent/reduce complications (ie/ infection, skin breakdown, impaired mobility, med SE, dehydration)
- promote growth and development (self care)
18
Q
describe JRA and JIA
A
- juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune inflammatory disease causing inflammation of joints and other tissue with an unknown cause (genetic?)
- begins before 16 (peak onset 1-3 yrs)
- common in females
- leading cause of disability (approx 40-60% carry s/s into adulthood)
19
Q
what does JRA typically cause
A
-chronic inflammation of synovium with joint effusion that can lead to erosion and destruction of articular cartilage
20
Q
s/s of JIA
A
- fever
- rash
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
- lymphadenopathy
21
Q
clinical manifestations of JIA
A
- single or multiple joint association
- stiffness, swelling
- loss of motion in affected area
- morning stiffness
- joints are swollen, warm to touch (not red tho)
22
Q
diagnostics for JIA
A
no definitive test
based off criteria of american college of rheumatology
23
Q
diagnostic criteria for JIA
A
- onset younger than 16 yrs
- arthritis in 1 or more joints
- duration of arthritis more than 6 wks
- exclusion of other forms of arthritis
24
Q
goals of JIA treatment
A
- relive pain
- control inflammation
- manage systemic complications
- preserve ROM and joint function
- promote normal development
25
JIA outcomes
- pt exhibits no s/s of discomfort and moves with minimal discomfort
- pt will perform ADLs and participate in age appropriate activities with minimal fatigue
- family and pt demonstrates understanding
26
JIA medical treatment
- nonsteroid inflammatory drugs (ASPIRIN, ibuprofen, and naproxen)
- slower acting antirheumatic drugs (second line meds: sulfasalazine and methotrexate)
- corticosteroids may be used
- physical therapy and occupational therapy
27
why can aspirin be used for JIA
acetaminophen not as effective as aspirin for decreased inflammation (can use ibuprofen tho as aspirin should NOT be given frequently to children)
28
JIA nursing care
- promote mobility
- encourage adequate nutrition
- teach parents and child about disease and management
29
describe allergic reactions
- allergy is an abnormal/altered reaction to an antigen
- antigens responsible for allergy manifestations are known as ALLERGENS
- allergens can be ingested, absorbed, injected, inhaled
30
manifestations of allergic reactions
-rash, urticaria, itchiness, asthama and hay fever (type 1 systemic reactions)
31
describe hypersensitivity reactions
-overreaction to foreign substance (mild to life threatening)
32
hypersensitivity nursing management
- prevent exposure
- identify and remove antigen ***
- initiate anit anaphylaxis measures (antihistamine, epi, resp support, IV fluid access)
