IM renal/Urology Flashcards
calculating anion gap
Na - (Cl + HCO3)
causes of respiratory acidosis
- depression of respiratory center
- lung disease
- MSK disease
cause of respiratory alkalosis
excess ventilation
causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
loss of bicarb through kidneys or GI tract
causes of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
- ingestion of exogenous acid
- elevation of endogenous acid (DKA or lactic acidosis)
- renal failure
causes of metabolic alkalosis
- vomiting
- bicarb administration
- volume depletion
types of AKI
- prerenal azotemia
- intrinsic kidney injury
- postrenal obstruction
etiology prerenal azotemia
hypoperfusion
s/s of prerenal azotemia
- elevated BUN and Cr
- hyaline casts
treatment of prerenal azotemia
treat underlying cause
cause of postrenal obstruction
obstruction of urinary outflow
s/s of postrenal obstruction
- normal urine sediment
- elevated BUN/Cr
cause of intrinsic kidney injury
- infection
- sepsis
- ischemia
- nephrotoxin
s/s of CKD
- HTN
- volume overload
- broad, waxy casts
etiology of acute interstitial nephritis
Steroids
s/s of acute interstitial nephritis
- fever
- rash
- arthrialgia
- WBCs
- eosinophilia
treatment of acute interstitial nephritis
removal of cause
s/s of BPH
- obstructive voiding
- irritative voiding
- smooth, firm, enlarged, prostate
treatment of BPH
- mild: watchful waiting
- alpha blockers (-zosin’s)
- 5a reductase inhibitors (dutasteride, finasteride)
- PDE5 (-afil’s)
- TURP ( surgical removal of part of prostate.)
risk factors of bladder cancer
- cigarettes
- industrial solvents
s/s of bladder cancer
- hematuria
- painless
- irritative voiding
diagnosis of bladder cancer
cystoscopy with biopsy
treatment of bladder cancer
- superficial: tumor resection
- invasive: radical cystectomy
cause of epididymitis
- men under 40: STD
- men over 40: UTI
s/s of epididymitis
- positive prehn’s sign
- pain in scrotum
treatment of epididymitis
- under 40: rocephin + doxy
- over 40: levaquin or bactrim
Causes of erectile dysfunction
- vasogenic
- neurogenic
- diabetic
- psychogenic
treatment of erectile dysfunction
- therapy
- testosterone
- PDE5
s/s of glomerulonephritis
- HTN
- edema
- proteinuria
- cola colored urine
- RBC casts