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Internal Med EOR > IM renal/Urology > Flashcards

IM renal/Urology Flashcards

1
Q

calculating anion gap

A

Na - (Cl + HCO3)

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2
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A
  • depression of respiratory center
  • lung disease
  • MSK disease
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3
Q

cause of respiratory alkalosis

A

excess ventilation

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4
Q

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

loss of bicarb through kidneys or GI tract

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5
Q

causes of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis

A
  • ingestion of exogenous acid
  • elevation of endogenous acid (DKA or lactic acidosis)
  • renal failure
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6
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • vomiting
  • bicarb administration
  • volume depletion
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7
Q

types of AKI

A
  • prerenal azotemia
  • intrinsic kidney injury
  • postrenal obstruction
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8
Q

etiology prerenal azotemia

A

hypoperfusion

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9
Q

s/s of prerenal azotemia

A
  • elevated BUN and Cr
  • hyaline casts
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10
Q

treatment of prerenal azotemia

A

treat underlying cause

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11
Q

cause of postrenal obstruction

A

obstruction of urinary outflow

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12
Q

s/s of postrenal obstruction

A
  • normal urine sediment
  • elevated BUN/Cr
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13
Q

cause of intrinsic kidney injury

A
  • infection
  • sepsis
  • ischemia
  • nephrotoxin
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14
Q

s/s of CKD

A
  • HTN
  • volume overload
  • broad, waxy casts
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15
Q

etiology of acute interstitial nephritis

A

Steroids

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16
Q

s/s of acute interstitial nephritis

A
  • fever
  • rash
  • arthrialgia
  • WBCs
  • eosinophilia
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17
Q

treatment of acute interstitial nephritis

A

removal of cause

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18
Q

s/s of BPH

A
  • obstructive voiding
  • irritative voiding
  • smooth, firm, enlarged, prostate
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19
Q

treatment of BPH

A
  • mild: watchful waiting
  • alpha blockers (-zosin’s)
  • 5a reductase inhibitors (dutasteride, finasteride)
  • PDE5 (-afil’s)
  • TURP ( surgical removal of part of prostate.)
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20
Q

risk factors of bladder cancer

A
  • cigarettes
  • industrial solvents
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21
Q

s/s of bladder cancer

A
  • hematuria
  • painless
  • irritative voiding
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22
Q

diagnosis of bladder cancer

A

cystoscopy with biopsy

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23
Q

treatment of bladder cancer

A
  • superficial: tumor resection
  • invasive: radical cystectomy
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24
Q

cause of epididymitis

A
  • men under 40: STD
  • men over 40: UTI
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25
Q

s/s of epididymitis

A
  • positive prehn’s sign
  • pain in scrotum
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26
Q

treatment of epididymitis

A
  • under 40: rocephin + doxy
  • over 40: levaquin or bactrim
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27
Q

Causes of erectile dysfunction

A
  • vasogenic
  • neurogenic
  • diabetic
  • psychogenic
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28
Q

treatment of erectile dysfunction

A
  • therapy
  • testosterone
  • PDE5
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29
Q

s/s of glomerulonephritis

A
  • HTN
  • edema
  • proteinuria
  • cola colored urine
  • RBC casts
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30
Q

immune complex deposition glomerulonephritis

A

antigen antibody complexes lodge in basement membrane and cause destruction

31
Q

anti-GBM glomerulonephritis

A

autoantibodies against GBM

32
Q

pauci-immune glomerulonephritis

A

small cell vasculitis

33
Q

treatment of glomerulonephritis

A

high dose corticosteroids

34
Q

s/s of hydrocele

A
  • fluid filled cystic scrotal mass
  • transillumination
35
Q

treatment of hydrocele

A
  • watching
  • aspiration
36
Q

nephritic syndromes

A
  • glomerulonephritis
  • postinfectious glomerulonephritis
  • IgA nephritis
  • HSP
37
Q

etiology of postinfectious glomerulonephritis

38
Q

s/s of IgA Nephritis (Berger’s Disease)

A
  • gross hematuria
  • viral URI
39
Q

treatment of IgA Nephritis (Berger’s Disease)

A

ACE or ARB

40
Q

s/s of medullary cystic kidney disease

A
  • polyuria
  • pallor
  • lethargy
  • HTN
  • renal salt wasting
41
Q

treatment of medullary cystic kidney disease

A

adequate salt and water intake

42
Q

s/s of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

A
  • abdominal and flank pain
  • large palpable kidneys
  • hematuria
43
Q

diagnosis of ADPKD

44
Q

treatment of ADPKD

A
  • treat infection
  • analgesics
  • cyst decompression
46
Q

diagnosis of prostate cancer

A

transrectal US guided biopsy

47
Q

treatment of prostate cancer

A
  • prostatectomy
  • radiation
  • chemo in metastatic disease
48
Q

etiology of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

ecoli ascent up urethra

49
Q

s/s of acute bacterial prostatitis

A
  • fever, chills
  • pain
  • irritative voiding
  • obstructive voiding
  • hot, tender prostate
50
Q

treatment of acute bacterial prostatitis

A
  • IV fluoroquinolone
  • PO bactrim or cipro
51
Q

s/s of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A
  • irritative voiding sx
  • pain
  • boggy prostate
52
Q

diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

urine culture after prostatic massage

53
Q

treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

FQ or bactrim

54
Q

s/s of pyelonephritis

A
  • UTI sx
  • fever/chills
  • flank pain
  • CVA tenderness
  • WBC casts
55
Q

treatment of pyelonephritis

A
  • cipro
  • levaquin
  • bactrim
56
Q

s/s of renal cell carcinoma

A
  • gross hematuria
  • flank pain
  • abdominal mass
57
Q

diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma

58
Q

treatment of renal cell carcinoma

A

radical nephrectomy

59
Q

mcc of renal stones

A

calcium oxalate

60
Q

s/s of renal stones

A
  • severe flank/back pain
  • UTI sx
  • hematuria
61
Q

diagnosis of renal stones

62
Q

treatment of renal stones

A
  • pain control
  • hydration
  • tamsulosin (flomax)
63
Q

etiology of renal artery stenosis

A

atherosclerosis

64
Q

s/s of renal artery stenosis

A
  • HTN
  • pulmonary edema
  • AKI after starting ACE
65
Q

diagnosis of renal artery stenosis

A
  • US
  • renal angiography is gold standard
66
Q

treatment of renal artery stenosis

A
  • stenting
  • surgical bypass
67
Q

s/s of testicular torsion

A
  • sudden onset unilateral scrotal pain
  • negative prehns sign
  • negative cremasteric reflex
68
Q

diagnosis of testicular torsion

A

doppler US

69
Q

treatment of testicular torsion

A

detorsion and orchiopexy within 6 hours

70
Q

s/s of UTI

A
  • dysuria
  • frequency
  • urgency
71
Q

treatment of UTI

A
  • macrobid
  • bactrim
72
Q

s/s of varicocele

A
  • scrotal heaviness
  • dull aching pain
  • bag of worms
73
Q

treatment of varicocele

A

scrotal support and NSAIDs

Internal Med EOR (18 decks)

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