IM Plat- Endocrinology Flashcards
Give the 3 approved drugs for the management of pre-diabetic patients.
Acarbose, Metformin and Thiazolidinediones
Give the criteria for the diagnosis of DM.
Either of the following:
- HbA1c >/= 6.5%
- FPG >/= 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
- 2/hr plasma glucose after an OGTT >/= 200 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L)
- RPG >/= 200 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L) + classic sxs of hyperglycemia
What is the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Neovascularization (in response to retinal hypoxia)
The second messenger system for insulin.
Tyrosine kinase
Which group of OHAs has the propensity for causing edema as a side effect?
Thiazolidinediones (Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone)
What is the serum potassium goal in patients with DKA and HHS?
4-5 mEq/L
These are manifestations of hypoglycemia as a direct result of CNS glucose deprivation and includes behavioral changes, confusion, fatigue, seizure and syncope.
Neuroglycopenic symptoms
Which CAH hormone deficiency causes virilizing symptoms? A. 21-beta hydroxylase B. 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase C. 11-beta-hydroxylase D. 17-alpha hydroxylase
A. 21-beta hydroxylase
Which CAH hormone deficiency causes non-virilizing symptoms? A. 21-beta hydroxylase B. 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase C. 11-beta-hydroxylase D. 17-alpha hydroxylase
D. 17-alpha hydroxylase
Give the normal ejaculate volume, sperm count, motility and morphology.
Volume: 2-6 mL
Count: >20 million/mL
Motility: 50%
Morphology: >15% normal
These are manifestations of hypoglycemia that results from perception of physiologic changes caused by CNS-mediated sympathoadrenal (both adrenergic and cholinergic) discharge and includes palpitations, tremors, anxiety, sweating, hunger and paresthesia.
Neurogenic/Autonomic
What hormone of pregnancy promotes the growth of the fetus and is used as an index of fetal well-being?
Human chorionic somatomammotropin or human placental lactogen
Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of secondary sexual characteristics at age ___ in boys and ___ in girls.
13 in girls; 14 in boys
What is the most common functioning pituitary adenoma?
Prolactinoma
This pharmacologic drug antagonizes endogenous GH action by blocking peripheral GH binding to its receptor.
Pegvisomant
Which subunit is unique to TSH?
Beta subunit (alpha is similar to LH, FSH and hCG)
What is the most common cardiovascular manifestation of hyperthyroidism?
Sinus tachycardia
What is the most common symptom of hypothyroidism?
Tiredness/weakness
What is the most common sign of hypothyroidism?
Dry, coarse skin and cool, peripheral extremities
What is the most common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Hyperactivity/irritability
What is the recommended daily calcium intake in post-menopausal women to prevent bone loss?
750-800 mg/day
What is the most common cause of ACTH-independent cortisol excess?
Cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma
What is the recommended daily Vitamin D3 intake in post-menopausal women to prevent bone loss?
10-20 mcg/day
Condition where the normal thyroid tissues are replaced by fibrous tissue.
Reidel thyroiditis
What is the best test to differentiate pituitary, adrenal and ectopic Cushing syndromes?
High-dose dexamethasone suppression test
What is the earliest manifestation of pituitary failure during childhood? adulthood?
Growth retardation in childhood; hypogonadism in adults
What is the most common cardiovascular manifestation of hyperthyroidism?
Sinus tachycardia
What is the treatment of choice for hyperfunctioning solitary thyroid nodules?
RAI ablation
Osteoporosis is defined by the WHO as a decrease in bone mineral density by ___ SD.
= -2.5
What is the most common cause of ACTH-independent cortisol excess?
Cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma
What is the best test to differentiate pituitary, adrenal and ectopic Cushing syndromes?
High-dose dexamethasone suppression test
What is the clinical hallmark of mineralocorticoid excess?
Hypokalemic hypertension
What is the most common primary thyroid cancer in adults and children?
Papillary thyroid cancer
What is the most sensitive initial test for pheochromocytoma?
Plasma metanephrine
What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?
Autoimmune adrenalitis
How does one distinguish a primary from a secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Presence of hyperpigmentation in primary AI
Triads: Pheochromocytoma
Palpitations, headache, diaphoresis
What is the surgical procedure of choice for pheochromocytoma?
Atraumatic endoscopic surgery
What serum marker can be used as an alternative indicator of glycemic control when the HbA1c is inaccurate such as in hemolytic anemia?
Albumin
What is the treatment of choice for severe hypercalcemia complicated by renal failure?
Hemodialysis
What are the preferred sites for bone mineral density scan in patients 60 yo?
60 yo: Hip
This group of incretin-related drugs prolong endogenous GLP-1 action.
DPP4 inhibitors (Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin)
