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Small Animal Medicine > II Final > Flashcards

II Final Flashcards

1
Q

PCV: Cat Normal

A

24-45%

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2
Q

PCV: Dog Normal

A

37-55%

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3
Q

Immune Mediated Dz: Blood Smear Abnormalities

A

spherocytes, agglutination

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4
Q

Anemia: Classifications

A

bone marrow dysfunction, destruction, loss

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5
Q

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Pathophysiology

A

antibody attachment to RBC

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6
Q

What is main form of IMHA in dogs?

A

primary

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7
Q

IMHA: Dx

A

CBC/chem

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8
Q

IMHA: Tx

A

supportive, immunosuppression

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9
Q

T/F: Transfusing with Whole Blood will raise the platelet count

A

False

Transfusing with whole blood will NOT raise the platelet count

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10
Q

Tranfusion: Required Volume Equation

A

k x BW x (desired PCV-recipient PCV)/donor PCV

k=90 for dogs; =60 for cats

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11
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Forms

A

inadequate production, consumption, destruction, sequestration

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12
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Production DDx

A

ehrlichia, estrogen toxicity, drugs

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13
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Destruction DDx

A

immune mediated, infection, venom

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14
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Consumption DDx

A

acute hemorrhage, DIC

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15
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Sequestration DDx

A

splenomegaly

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16
Q

Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia: Lab

A

platelet less than 50,000, inc. megakaryopoeisis, microthombocytosis

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17
Q

IMTP: Dx

A

rule out

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18
Q

IMTP: Tx

A

supportive

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19
Q

What clotting factors are Vit. K dependant?

A

II, VII, IX, X

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20
Q

DIC: Lab

A

inc. aPTT, PT, FDP
thrombocytopenia, schistocytes,
dec. antithrombin

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21
Q

DIC: Tx

A

treat primary dz, supportive

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22
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Examples

A

cancer cachexia, hypercalcemia, hyperhistaminemia, hypoglycemia

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23
Q

Cancer Cachexia: Definition

A

wt. loss despite adequate nutrition

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24
Q

Gastroduodenal Ulcers: Pathophysiology

A

excess histamine =>inc. gatric acid secretion

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25
Q

Hypercalcemia: Pathogenesis

A

ectopic production of PTH => extensive bone lysis

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26
Q

Hypoglycemia: Neoplastic Etiologies

A

insulinoma, hepatic neoplasia, leiomyoma

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27
Q

Hyperestrogenemia: Effects

A

feminisation syndrome, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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28
Q

Tumor: Dx

A

biopsy, FNA

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29
Q

Tumor: Grading Factors

A

degree of differentiation, mitotic index, necrosis

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30
Q

Tumor: Staging Factors

A

anatomical extent

primary, node, metastasis

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31
Q

When is a patient in Clinical Remission?

A

no detectable tumor

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32
Q

When is a patient in Partial Response?

A

dec. in tumor volume by 50%

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33
Q

When is a patient in Stable Dz?

A

the tumor is between 50% dec. in size and 10% inc. in size

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34
Q

When is a patient in Progressive Dz?

A

> 10% growth of tumor, new masses

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35
Q

Growth Fraction: Definition

A

ratio of G1/G2:G0 cells (higher fraction = greater chemo effect)

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36
Q

Alkylating Agent: MoA

A

creates cross-linked DNA

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37
Q

Antitumjor Antibiotics: MoA

A

DNA intercalation

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38
Q

Mitotic Inhibitors: MoA

A

inhibit mitosis

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39
Q

Platinum Compounds: MoA

A

cross-links DNA

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40
Q

Anti-Metabolites: MoA

A

interferes w/ transcription

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41
Q

Chemo Tx: Phases

A

induction, consolidation, maintenance, rescue

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42
Q

What is the order of tumors from most to least likely, to be affected by chemo?

A

hemopoietic, mast cell, solid carcinomas/sarcomas

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43
Q

Myelosuppression: Protocol Modifications

A

2-3x10^9/L - reduce dose by 25-50% -or- delay tx for 7d
1-2x10^9/L - non-pyrexic stop and monitor; pyrexic stop, give antibiotic
less than 1x10^9/L - hospitalize

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44
Q

What is Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome?

A

rapid tumor cell death => ion release

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45
Q

Alkylating Drugs: Side Effects

A

mod.-severe myelosuppression, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

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46
Q

Antitumor Antibiotics: Side Effects

A

sever myelosuppression, renal toxicity, GI, cardiomyopathy

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47
Q

Platinums: Side Effect

A

mild myelosuppression, GI, fatal pulmonary edema in cats, renal toxicity

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48
Q

Mitotic Inhibitors: Side Effects

A

mild myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy

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49
Q

Radiation Therapy: MoA

A

DNA destruction, apoptosis

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50
Q

What are radiosensitive tumor types?

A

bone marrow, gonadal, embryonic

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51
Q

What are radioresistant tumor types?

A

bone, muscle, cartilage, connective tissue

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52
Q

Radiation: Acute Side Effects

A

mucositis, moist epidermal inflammation, alopecia, hyperpigmentation

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53
Q

Radiation: Fractionation Protocols

A

Palliative - high dose once weekly (hypofractionated)
Semi-Definitive - mod. dose 3x weekly
Definitive: low dose 5x weekly

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54
Q

Lymphoma: Sites and Signs

A

min. general malaise
Alimentary (cats) - v/d, inappetence
Mediastinal - cough, dyspnea, pleural effusion

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55
Q

Lymphoma: Dx

A

FNA, Biopsy, U/S, IHC

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56
Q

Lymphoma: Tx

A

Single agent - chlorambucil/ doxorubicin

Multi-agent - CHOP

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57
Q

Lymphoma: Stages

A 
I - single node/lymphoid tissue
II - several nodes in region
III - generalized lymph node involvement
IV - liver/spleen infiltration
V - bone marrow/other organ infiltration
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58
Q

T/F: When a Lymphoma patient Relapses, continuing the protocol is the best coarse of action.

A

False

restart the original protocol

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59
Q

Leukemia: Acute vs Chronic Pathogenesis

A

Acute - transformation occurs early in the lineage => blasts

Chronic - transformation occurs late in the lineage => mature

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60
Q

Leukemia: Dx

A

bone marrow, flow cytometry

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61
Q

Leukemia: Acute Tx

A

pred + vincristine + L-asparaginase

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62
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Signs

A

progressive anemia, hyperviscocity (gamma globulin)

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63
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Dx

A

rads, CBC/chem, monoclonal gammopathy

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64
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Tx

A

melphalan + pred, supportive

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65
Q

Mast Cell Tumor: Dx

A

FNA, biopsy

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66
Q

Mast Cell Tumor: Staging

A

I - dermal mass, no regional LNN involvement
II dermal mass w/ regional LNN involvement
III - infiltrating/multiple dermal masses w/ regional LNN involvement
IV - spread to liver/spleen
Substage a - no systemic signs
Substage b - systemic signs

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67
Q

Mast Cell Tumor: Tx

A

sx, radiation, vinblastine

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68
Q

Hemangiosarcoma: Signs

A

pain, pale mm

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69
Q

Hemangiosarcoma: Lab

A

dec. HTC, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes

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70
Q

Hemangiosarcoma: Dx

A

U/S - demarcated herteroechoic mass w/ anechoic pockets

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71
Q

Hemangiosarcoma: Tx

A

sx, doxorubicin

72
Q

Osteosarcoma: Dx

A

DI, biopsy

73
Q

Osteosarcoma: Prognosticators

A

less than 7yr/>10yr, ALKP doesn’t resolve 40d post-op, location

74
Q

Osteosarcoma: Tx

A

palliative, sx, chemo

75
Q

Macule/Patch: Appearance

A

flat lesion with skin color change

76
Q

Papule/Plaque: Appearance

A

raised, non-infiltrative solid lesion

77
Q

Nodule: Appearance

A

raised, infiltrative lesion

78
Q

Vesicle/Bulla: Appearnce

A

raised, fluid filled pocket

79
Q

Pustule: Appearance

A

raised, pus filled pocket

80
Q

Wheal: Appearance

A

raised, inflamed pocket

81
Q

Epidermal Collarette: Appearance

A

superficial peeling skin associated w/ pustule, vesicle or bulla

82
Q

Lichenification: Appearance

A

hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin (elephant like)

83
Q

What are the 3 “Derm Diligence” tests?

A

scraping, cytology, culture (specifically DTM)

84
Q

What are other Dermal tests?

A

acetate tape, trichogram, FNA, woods lamp, food trials, allergy testing

85
Q

T/F: Only Dermatophytes will change DTM media red.

A

False

Other organisms can change the color too.

86
Q

Comedone: Appearance

A

dilated hair follicle filled with debris

87
Q

Pruritis: Causes

A

Allergy, ectoparasites, infection

88
Q

What factors help differentiate the cause of pruritis?

A

site of lesion, seasonality, response to tx

89
Q

Which pruritic dzs have a non-stop (10) itch?

A

scabies, FAD, food allergy

90
Q

Pyoderma: Types

A

surface - pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spot), intertigo (fold rash)
superficial - impetigo, superficial bact. folliculitis
Deep - folliculitis, lick granuloma

91
Q

Pyoderma: Signs

A

pustules, papules, crusts

92
Q

Pyoderma: Tx

A

Surface - topical antibiotics
Superficial - topical +/ systemic antibiotics, 1 wk beyond resolution
Deep - Systemic antibiotics, 2wk beyond resolution

93
Q

Pyoderma: 1st Tier Systemic Antibiotics

A

1st gen cephalosporins, amoxicillin, clindamycin

94
Q

Pyoderma: 2nd Tier Systemic Antibiotics

A

sulfas, erythomycin, lincomycin, doxycycline

95
Q

Pyotraumatic Dermatitis: Appearance

A

acute moist dermatitis on hip/ear

96
Q

Pyotraumatic Dermatitis: Tx

A

treat underlying dz, clip and clean

97
Q

Impetigo: Appearance

A

pustular rash in axillary/inguinal area of young animals

98
Q

Impetigo: Tx

A

self limiting, antibacterial shampoo

99
Q

Nasal Folliculitis: Etiology

A

underlying dz => superficial/deep pyoderma on the bridge of the nose

100
Q

Nasal Folliculitis: Tx

A

systemic antibiotics, topical cleaning

101
Q

Canine Acne: Appearance

A

alopecia, non-painful, non-pruritic, comedone

102
Q

Canine Acne: Tx

A

topical benzoyl peroxide

103
Q

Lick Granuloma: Primary Etiology

A

atopy, food allergy

104
Q

Lick Granuloma: Perpetuating Factors

A

deep pyoderma, ruptured follicles, compulsive behavior

105
Q

LIck Granuloma: Tx

A

treat underlying dz (glucocorticoids), treat perpetuating factor

106
Q

Malassezia: Signs

A

pruritus, malodor, erythema, paronychia

107
Q

Malassezia: Dx

A

cytology

108
Q

Malassezia: Tx

A

anti-yeast shampoos, keto-/itra-conazole

109
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis: Signs

A

papules + crusts on rump, ~> exoriation, alopecia, lichenification

110
Q

FAD: Dx

A

observe fleas, allergy test

111
Q

FAD: Tx

A

ectoparaciticides, treat any secondary infections

112
Q

Atopy: Signs

A

pruritic, seasonal.

affects face, ears, ventrum, feet

113
Q

Atopy: Dx

A

signs, rule out

114
Q

Atopy: Tx

A

immunotherapy, symptomatic, allergen avoidance

115
Q

Food Allergy: Signs

A

pruritis, non-seasonal

116
Q

Food Allergy: Dx

A

food trial - 4wks of novelty/hydrolyzed protein

117
Q

Sarcoptes: Tx

A

topical dips

118
Q

Miliary Dermatitis: Appearance

A

rxn crusted papules, erythema, secondary alopecia

119
Q

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex: Forms

A

indolent ulcer - uni-/bi-lateral upper lip
Eosinophilc plaque - groin, raised ulcer
Colagenolytic granuloma - linear, pharyngeal, chin

120
Q

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex: Tx

A

parasite control, immunosuppression, sx

121
Q

Folliculitis: Definition

A

inflammation of follicle wall

122
Q

Furunculosis: Definition

A

rupture of follicle within the dermis

123
Q

Injection Site Alopecia: Injections

A

rabies, lepto

124
Q

Injection Site Alopecia: Dx

A

histo

125
Q

Dermatophytosis: Hair Preference

A

anagen hair

126
Q

Dermatophytoses: Tx

A

decontaminate environment, topical + systemic (itraconazole) antifungals

127
Q

What drug do you not use to treat demodex?

A

glucocorticoids

128
Q

Local Demodex: Tx

A

self resolving, treat secondary pyoderma

129
Q

Generalized Demodex: Tx

A

ivermectin, treat secondary infections

130
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis: Pathophysiology

A

inflammation and destruction of sebaceous glands

131
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis: Long Hair Signs

A

alopecia, scaly appearance on head and feet

132
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis: Short Hair Signs

A

moth eaten appearance

133
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis: Dx

A

skin biopsy

134
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis: Tx

A

baby oil/propylene glycol spray

135
Q

Familial Dermatomyositis: Signs

A

muscle atrophy, progressive papules + vesicles -> pustules -> ulcers -> crusty alopecia

136
Q

Familial Dermatomyositis: Dx

A

signs, histo

137
Q

Familial Dermatomyositis: Tx

A

pentoxifylline, immunosuppression, treat seconary pyoderma

138
Q

Endocrine Alopecia: Etiologies

A

hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism

139
Q

Alopecia X: Signs

A

progressive truncal hair loss, hyperpigmented skin,

140
Q

Color Dilution Alopecia: Dx

A

melanin clumping in shaft on tricogram

141
Q

Otitis Externa: Types of Factors

A

Primary, predisposing, perpetuation

142
Q

Otitis Externa: Primary Factors

A

allergies, parasites, foreign body

143
Q

Otitis Externa: Predisposing Factors

A

ear anatomy, excessive moisture, obstruction

144
Q

Otitis Externa: Perpetuating Factors

A

secondary infection, ear pathology, otitis media

145
Q

Otitis Externa: Signs

A

head shaking (=> hematoma), scratching ears, malodor

146
Q

Otitis Externa: Dx

A

signs, otoscopic exam, cytology

147
Q

Otitis Externa: Tx

A

topicals w/ antibiotic, steroid, antifungal, (antiparasitic), recheckin 7-10 days

148
Q

When does Otitis Externa become chronic?

A 
>/= 2mo of persistant otitis
>/= 6mo of recurrent otitis
149
Q

Otitis Media: Signs

A

horner’s syndrome, facial pralysis

150
Q

Otitis Media: Dx

A

signs, abnormal tympanic membrane, rads

151
Q

Otitis Media: Tx

A

myringotomy, sx

152
Q

Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis: Signs

A

pruritis, scales, hyperkeratosis

153
Q

Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis: Tx

A

supplementary zinc

154
Q

Feline Acne: Signs

A

alopecia, crusts, and comedones on chin

155
Q

Feline Acne: Tx

A

clean, treat secondary dzs

156
Q

Vit. A-Responsive Dermatosis: Signs

A

progressive scaling from birth

157
Q

Vit. A-Responsive Dermatosis: Tx

A

Vit. A suppliment

158
Q

Schnauzer Comedone Syndrome: Signs

A

comedones on the back

159
Q

Ear Margin Dermatitis: Signs

A

scaly ear margins w/ follicular casts and partial alopecia

160
Q

Ear Margin Dermatosis:Tx

A

mild - shampoos

complicated - pentoxifylline

161
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus: Etiology

A

Autoimmune dz

162
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus: Signs

A

pustules, vesicles, bulae, crusts, alopecia, scales

163
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus: Dx

A

biopsy

164
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus: Tx

A

avoid UV exposure
Localized - topical steroids, combo tetracycline + niacinamide
Generalized - immunosuppression

165
Q

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis: Signs

A

hyperkeratiotic + crusty footpads

166
Q

Superficial Necrotlytic Dermatitis: Dx

A

U/S - honey-comb liver/pancreas

biopsy

167
Q

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis: Tx

A

treat primary/secondary dz, high protein diet

168
Q

Discoid Lupoid Erythematosus: Signs

A

hypopigmentation, erosions, and ulcers on the nose

169
Q

DLE: Dx

A

biopsy, history, signs

170
Q

DLE: Tx

A

avoid UV exposure
Localized - topical steroids, combo tetracycline + niacinamide
Generalized - immunosuppression

171
Q

Vasculitis: Signs

A

purpura, necrosis, ulcers, ischemia

172
Q

Vasculitis: Tx

A

Treat underlying cause

173
Q

Erythema Multiforme: Signs

A

coalescing macules/papules => erosions/ulcers

174
Q

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Signs

A

purpura, ulcers

175
Q

T/F: Virus based Papillomatosis in a dog can not be transmitted.

A

False

it can be transmitted

176
Q

Nodular Panniculitis: Signs

A

raised, well demarcated lesions

Small Animal Medicine (8 decks)

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