Exam 2 Flashcards
Heartworm: Site of Infection
R. pulmonary artery
Heartworm: Pathogenesis
dmged endothelium => inc. permeability, cough/dyspnea
vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, inflammation, fibrosis
Which snap tests are better for dxing heartworm, Antibody or Antigen?
Antigen
Heartworm: Basic Treatment Plan
pre-adulticide prophylaxys, adulticide, post-adulticide cage rest
What is Post-caval Syndrome?
the worms back up into the rt. atrium => tricuspid insufficiency
Bracheal Plexus Avulsion: Definition
stretching/tearing of bracheal plexus root
Bracheal Plexua Avulstion: Signs
LMN, Horner’s Syndrome
Nerve Root Tumor: Definition
PNS tumor that grows into CNS
Nerve Root Tumor: Signs
slow progressive paresis, atrophy, excessive pain
Fibrocartilaginous Emboli: Definition
piece of intervertebral disc enters spinal blood vessels
Fibrocartilaginous Emboli: Signs
peracute paresis/paralysis, painless
Degenerative Myelopathy: Definition
degeneration of axons and myelin in thoracolumbar spinal cord
Degenerative Myelopathy: Signs
progressive paresis and ataxia, UMN
Lumbosacral Malarticulation/formation: Types
Type II disc degeneration - annulus fibrosis (dorsal protrusion)
interarcuate lig. (ventral protrustion)
instability of joints
Lumbosacral Malarticulation/formation: Signs
hunched posture, flaccid tail, incontinant, impaired sciatic function
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Hansen Type I
rupture of calcified nucleus pulposus
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Hansen Type II
slow protursion of nucleus pulposus => pressing
What is the order of loss of function seen with intervertebral disc dz?
conscious proprioception
voluntary motor + continance
superficial pain
deep pain
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Grades
1 - inc esthesia w/o neuro signs 2 - paresis but ambulatory 3 - paresis but not ambulatory 4 - paralysis w/ deep pain 5 - paralysis w/o deep pain
Discospondylitis: Definition
infection of end plates and disc => in new bone growth to encapsulate pushing up on cord
Discospondylitis: Signs
hyperesthesia, fever, depression, wt loss
Spondylitis: Definition
infection of vertebral body
Vertebral/Spinal Neoplasia: Types
Extradural - outside cord dura
Intradural Intramedullary - inside the cord dura, part of the cord
Intradural Extramedullary - inside the dura, outside the cord
Vertebral/Spinal Neoplasia: Signs
progressive UMN/LMN signs
Cervical Disc Dz: Type 1
C3-4 or C5/7
Cervical Disc Dz: Type II
C6/7 “Wobblers”
Cervical Disc Dz: Signs
neck pain, tetraparesis
Cervical Disc Dz: Dx
radiographs, myelogram
Cervical Disc Dz: Tx
no deficits - cage rest
neuro signs - surgery
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy: Signs
head guarding, tetraparesis, thoracic limb muscle atrophy
Atlanto-Axial Subluxation: Appearance
dorsal displacement of axis => dens pushing up on cord
Inflammatory Myopathies: Examples
idiopathic polymyositis, masticatory muscle myositis, extraocular myositis
Extertional Myopathies: Examples
Hypokalemia, limber tail
Degenerative/Developmental Myopathies: Examples
dystrophic myopathies, non-dystrophic myopaties, metabolic myopathies, myotonia, dermatomyositis
Metabolic Myopathies: Examples
hypo/hyperthyroid, hyperadrenocoriticism, enzyme deficiencies
End Plate Dz: Examples
myasthenia gravis, botulism
Neuropathies: Examples
tick paralysis, tetanus, coonhound paralysis, protozoal polyradiculoneurititis
Vestibular Dz: Forms
peripheral, central
Peripheral Vestibular Dz: Signs
head tilt, circling, nystagmus
Central Vestibular Dz: Signs
head tilt, circling, nystagmus, hemi/tetraparesis, RAS Depression
Cerebellar Hypoplasia: Signs
wide stance, truncal ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremors
Hydrocephalus: Signs
progressive, excited/depressed, tetraparesis
Cranial Trauma: Types
Concussion, contusion
What happens during a concossion?
transient unconsciousness, no lession
What happens during a contussion?
focal hemorrhage and edma
Cranial Hemorrhage: Origins
Extracerebral - meningeal vessels
Intracerebral - brain vessels
What is Narcolepsy?
sudden attacks of sleep +/- cataplexy when excited
Multiple Neurological Signs: Causes
Rabies, distemper, FIV
Seizures: Categories
partial, general
Partial Seizures: Types
motor => abnormal movements
Psychomotor => spaces out, behavior change
Sensory => sees/hears things
Generalized Seizures: Phases
Preictal -> Ictal (tonic->clonic) -> Postictal
What happens during the Tonic Phase?
sustained muscle contraction
What happens during the Clonic Phase
running/paddling/chewing
When do you start to treat seizures?
once they start to occure every 6-8wks
What is Staticus Epilepticus?
recurring seizures w/o regaining consciousness
-or-
a seizure that last for more than 5min
