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Small Animal Medicine > II Exam 2 > Flashcards

II Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Eye Exam?

A

distant, neuro-ophthalmic, dx testing, pupillary dilation, orbital/ocular/intraocular assessment

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2
Q

Distant Exam: Assessments

A

navigation, ocular symmetry, globe position, ocular motility

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3
Q

Neuro-Ophthalmic Exam: Tests (CN assessed)

A

menace (II, VII), Dazzle (II, VII), PLR (II, III), palpebral (V, VII)

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4
Q

Eye Dx Testing: Tests

A

1) schirmer,
2) fluorescein stain,
3) tonometry

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5
Q

What drug is used to dilate the pupil?

A

0.5-1% tropicamide

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6
Q

Buphthalmos: Definition

A

enlarged globe caused by inc. IOP

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7
Q

Exophthalmos: Definition

A

normal sized globe protruding forward

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8
Q

Exophthalmos: Etiologies

A

extension from orbit associated structures, primary orbital dz

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9
Q

Exophthalmos: Dx

A

PE

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10
Q

Exophthalmos: Tx

A

enucleation

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11
Q

Orbital Cellulitis: Etiologies

A

puncture, foreign body, infectious, idiopathic inflammation

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12
Q

Orbital Cellulitis: Signs

A

uni-/bilateral exophthalmos, hyperemia, conjuctivitis, acute onset

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13
Q

Orbital Cellulitis: Dx

A

PE, U/S

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14
Q

Orbital Cellulitis: Tx

A

topical/systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesia

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15
Q

Extraocular Polymyositis: Signs

A

intermittent “surprised” look, non-painful/hyperemic

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16
Q

Extraocular Polymositis: Dx

A

PE, muscle biopsy

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17
Q

Extraocular Polymositis: Tx

A

corticosteroids

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18
Q

Orbital Neoplaisa: Signs

A

progressive exophthalmia

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19
Q

Orbital Neoplasia: Dx

A

U/S, DI, biopsy

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20
Q

Orbital Neoplasia: Tx

A

chemo +/- radiation

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21
Q

Proptosis: Definition

A

Eye pops out of socket

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22
Q

Proptosis: Signs

A

inability to/incomplete blink, keratitis

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23
Q

Proptosis: Tx

A

reduce (lateral canthotomy)

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24
Q

Glaucoma: Etiology

A

dec. outflow of aqueous humor

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25
Q

Acute Glaucoma: Signs

A

unilateral, hyperemia, painful, mydriasis, retinal edema

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26
Q

Chronic Glaucoma: Signs

A

blind, buphthalmic, hyperemia

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27
Q

Secondary Glaucoma: Etiologies

A

uveitis, lens dzs, trauma

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28
Q

Glaucoma: Dx

A

tonometry (>25mmHg)

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29
Q

Acute Glaucoma: Tx

A

diuretics, moisis induction

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30
Q

Chronic Glaucoma: Tx

A

enucleation

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31
Q

What are the 5 layers of the eyelid?

A

skin, muscle, tarsal plate, glands, conjunctiva

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32
Q

Dermoid: Appearance

A

haired skin on the eye

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33
Q

Ankyloblepharon: Appearance

A

fused eyelids

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34
Q

Symblepharon: Appearance

A

adhesion of conjunctiva to itself/cornea

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35
Q

Trichiasis: Appearance

A

normal hairs contacting cornea

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36
Q

Distichiasis: Appearance

A

ectopic cilia erupt from meibomian gland

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37
Q

Blepharitis: Signs

A

red, discharge, pruritus

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38
Q

Blepharitis: Tx

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatories (if fluorescein neg.)

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39
Q

Chalazion: Appearance

A

obstruction of Meibomian duct => non-painful swelling in lid

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40
Q

Hordeolum (stye): Appearance

A

meibomian gland infection => red, painful swelling in lid

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41
Q

How much tear production is the nictitans responsible for?

A

40%

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42
Q

Cherry Eye: Appearance

A

prolapse of nictitans gland

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43
Q

Cherry Eye: Tx

A

replace gland via sx

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44
Q

Conjunctivitis: Signs

A

hyperemia, chmosis, discharge, pruritus

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45
Q

Lymphoreticular Conjunctivitis: Appearance

A

enlarged follicles/blisters

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46
Q

Ligneous/Membranous Conjunctivitis: Appearance

A

thickened, proliferative conjunctiva

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47
Q

Plasmoma Conjunctivitis: Appearance

A

thick, depigmentated nictitans

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48
Q

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis: Appearance

A

proliferation of episclera and conjunctiva

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49
Q

Medial Canthal Pocket Syndrome: Conditions

A

deep orbits, enophthalmos, inadequate drainage

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50
Q

Medial Canthal Pocket Syndrome: Tx

A

cleaning regimen

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51
Q

What are the 3 layers of tear film?

A

inner mucin, middle aqueous, outer lipid

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52
Q

KCS: Signs

A

progressive, inflammation, desication, pain, corneal dz,vision loss

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53
Q

KCS: Etiologies

A

Congenital - aciar hypoplasia

Acquired - immune mediated, non-immune mediated

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54
Q

KCS: Dx

A

schirmer tear test

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55
Q

KCS: Management

A

lacrimostimulant (cyclosporine A), anti-inflammatories, lube -or- parotid duct transposition

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56
Q

Epiphora: Signs

A

impaired tear drainage (tear stains)

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57
Q

Epiphora: Tx

A

flush cannulate punctum/nasolacrimal duct

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58
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Cornea?

A

tear film, epithelium, stroma, descemet’s membrane, endothelium

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59
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis: Etiologies

A

trauma, anatomical abnormalities, infection, degeneration, nerve damage, KCS

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60
Q

Corneal Ulcers: Causes of Delayed Healing

A

infection, excess leukocyte enzymes, excess steroid, underlying dz

61
Q

Superficial Corneal Ulcer: Depth

A

loss of corneal epithelium

62
Q

Superficial Corneal Ulcer: Tx

A

topical antibiotics, mydriatic, recheck 1-4d

63
Q

Indolent Ulcer: Definition

A

epithelium fails to attach in healing superficial ulcer

64
Q

Indolent Ulcer: Tx

A

debride, grid/punctate kerototomy

65
Q

Deep Ulcers: Depth

A

extends into stroma

66
Q

Deep Ulcer: Tx

A

antibiotic drops, atropine, systemic NSAIDs, sx closure, conjunctival grafts

67
Q

Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Signs

A

diffuse punctate ulcers across cornea

68
Q

Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Etiology

A

qualitative tear film deficiency

69
Q

Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Tx

A

immunosuppresion

70
Q

Bullous Keratopathy: Appearance

A

stromal vesicles

71
Q

Bullous Keratopathy: Tx

A

topical NaCl ointment, thermokeatoplasty

72
Q

Pigmentary Keratitis: Etiology

A

inflammatory non-ulcerative dz => pigmented cornea

73
Q

Chronic Superficial Keratitis: Signs

A

progressive, bilateral, inflammatory, non-ulcerative

74
Q

Chronic Superficial Keratits: Tx

A

immunosuppresion, min UV exposure

75
Q

Florida Keratopathy: Appearance

A

multifocal cotton-like opacities in corneal stroma

76
Q

Florida Keratopathy: Tx

A

bengin neglect

77
Q

Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis: Appearance

A

proliferative pink lesion from lateral conjunctiva

78
Q

Feline Sequestrum: Appearance

A

focal cornea necrosis

79
Q

Feline Sequestrum: Tx

A

remove irritant

80
Q

Nuclear Sclerosis: Etiology

A

normal aging of lens

81
Q

Cataract: Classification

A

incipient - less than 15% of lens affected
Immature - 15-99%
Mature - 100%
Hypermature - 100% w/ shrinking of lens

82
Q

Cataract: Etiologies

A

hereditary, concurrent ocular dz, systemic dz (DM), trauma

83
Q

Cataract: Tx

A

phacoemulsification

84
Q

Lens Luxation: Etiology

A

zonule breakdown => luxation

85
Q

Persistant Hyaloid Artery: Signs

A

cataract, hyphema, extends from optic nerve

86
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Uvea?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid

87
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

ciliary body

88
Q

Persistant Pupillary Membrane: Etiology

A

failure of complete regression of embryonic pupillary membrane

89
Q

Colobomas: Appearance

A

holes/defects in iris/choroid

90
Q

Iris Atrophy: Appearance

A

holes in iris

91
Q

Uveal Cysts: Tx

A

benign neglect, aspirate/laser

92
Q

Feline Diffuse Melanoma: Appearance

A

iris color change

93
Q

Uveitis: Signs

A

aqueous flare (cloudiness), blepharospasm, corneal edema, miosis, hypopyon, hyphema

94
Q

Uveitis: Tx

A

steroids, atropine

95
Q

How many layers are in the retina?

A

10

96
Q

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome: Signs

A

acute blindness, mydriasis

97
Q

SARDS: Dx

A

ERG

98
Q

Retinal Detachment: Etiologies

A

infection, drugs, hypertension, neoplasia

99
Q

Chorioretinitis: Signs

A

Active - poorly demarcated retinal lesions

Inactive: well demarcated, hypereflexive retinal lesion

100
Q

IRIS: Subgrading

A 
Grade I - less than 1.6mg/dL creatinine
Grade II - 1.7-2.5mg/dL
Grade III - 2.6-5mg/dL
Grade IV - 5.1-10mg/dL
Grade V - >10mg/dL
101
Q

What are the Phases of Renal Failure?

A

initial -> extension -> maintenance -> recovery

102
Q

Initial Phase: Presentation

A

no signs, inc. in Cre

103
Q

Extension Phase: Presentation

A

signs start

104
Q

Maintenance Phase:

Presentation

A

urine is ultrafiltrate, 1-3wk duration

105
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Etiologies

A

intra-renal vasoconstriction, tubular dysfunction

106
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Dx

A

UA (casts)

107
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Tx

A

fluid/electrolyte management

108
Q

How much urine is produced when the patient is Oliguric?

A

less than 0.5ml/kg/hr

109
Q

Oliguria: Therapy

A

mannitol, furosemide

110
Q

Supportive Care: Hyperkalemia

A

insulin and dextrose

111
Q

Supportive Care: Hyercalcemia

A

diuresis, steroids

112
Q

Supportive Care: Hyperphosphatemia

A

Al Carbonate

113
Q

Supportive Care: Hypertension

A

amlodapine, hydralazine

114
Q

What UP/C value is considered proteinuric?

A

> 0.4

115
Q

Chronic Kidney Dz: Signs

A

PU/PD, GI signs, lethargy, dehydration, underweight

116
Q

Chronic Kidney Dz: Lab

A

azotemia, low SG, Chem (hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia)

117
Q

Chronic Kidney Dz: Dx

A

UA (proteinuria), culture, DI

118
Q

Chronic Kidney Dz: Tx

A

treat underlying dz, supportive, diet (stage II)

119
Q

Proteinuria: Etiologies

A

Physiological - Stress
Prerenal - inc. protein
Renal - inflammation/insuficiency
Postrenal - inflammation

120
Q

Proteinuria: Dx

A

CBC, chem, UA, DI

121
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Etiologies

A

immune complexes deposited in the glomeruli

122
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Dx

A

BP, CBC, chem, biopsy

123
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Signs

A

abdominal/pleural effusion, pitting edema

124
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Tx

A

immunosuppresion (mycophenolate)

125
Q

Ureteral Obstruction: Signs

A

acute uremia, big kidney little kidney

126
Q

Ureteral Obstruction: Dx

A

DI, U/S

127
Q

Ureteral Obstruction: Tx

A

stabalize, lithotripsy, ureteral stent

128
Q

Urethral Obstruction: Signs

A

enlarged bladder, dysuria

129
Q

Urethral Obstruction: Dx

A

U/S, DI

130
Q

Urethral Obstruction: Tx

A

catheterize, cystotomy

131
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Dz: Signs

A

dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, pigmenturia, incomplete voiding, incontinence

132
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Dz: Dx

A

UA, rads, U/S, biopsy

133
Q

What’s the difference between Reinfection and Relapse UTI?

A

reinfection - different organism

relapse - same organism

134
Q

Urolithiasis: Types

A

struvite, calcium oxalate, cystine, urate, silicate, mixed

135
Q

Urolithiasis: Struvite - Therapy

A

diet, treat concurrent infection

136
Q

Urolithiasis: CaOx - Therapy

A

cystotomy

137
Q

Urolithiasis: Urate - Therapy

A

diet

138
Q

Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: Dx

A

rule out

139
Q

FIC: Tx

A

client edu, environment (reduce stress, inc. litter boxes, water sources, activity)

140
Q

UMN Bladder: Signs

A

small bladder, small volumes of urine, difficulte to expressing

141
Q

LMN Bladder: Signs

A

large bladder, easily expressed, constantly leaks

142
Q

Reflex Dyssynergia: Pathophysiology

A

urethral sphincter spasms when detrusor contracts

143
Q

Reflex Dyssynergia: Tx

A

a-adrenergic blockers

144
Q

Urinary Incontinence: Etiology

A

urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence

145
Q

Urinary Incontinence: Dx

A

contrast rads, urethral pressure profilometry

146
Q

Urinary Incontinence: Tx

A

bovine collagen injection, colposuspension and urethropexy

147
Q

Ectopic Ureter: Sings

A

wet coat, inflammed perineum

148
Q

Ectopic Ureter: Dx

A

contrast DI

149
Q

Ectopic Ureter: Tx

A

cystoscopic laser ablation

Small Animal Medicine (8 decks)

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