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Small Animal Medicine > Exam 1 (cardio) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (cardio) Flashcards

1
Q

RHF: Signs

A

syncope, ascites

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2
Q

LHF: Signs

A

syncope, dyspnea, cough

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3
Q

What is normal BP?

A

120/80

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4
Q

T/F: Inc. body temp. is indicative of heart failure

A

False.

“Dec.” body temp is indicative of heart failure.

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5
Q

Tachycardia: Indications

A

fear, pain, heart failure

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6
Q

Bradycardia: Indications

A

sleep, parasympathetic tone

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7
Q

What do you pay attention to when taking the pulse?

A

Rate, Rhythm, Quality

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8
Q

Hypokinetic Pulse: Indications

A

heart failure, stenosis, shock, effusion

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9
Q

Hyperkinetic Pulse: Indication

A

exercise, anemia, shunts

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10
Q

Respiration: Crackles - indication

A

fluid in lungs

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11
Q

Respiration: Wheezes - indication

A

inflammation of the lungs

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12
Q

What causes the S1 heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

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13
Q

What causes the S2 heart sound?

A

the pulmonic and aortic valves closing

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14
Q

What causes the S3 heart sound?

A

the passive filling of the ventricles (can be heard with dilated cardiomyopathy)

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15
Q

What causes the S4 heart sound?

A

the forced refilling of the ventricles (can be heard with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

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16
Q

What are causes for murmurs?

A

narrowing of a vessel, valvular insufficiency, inc. rate of flow, dec. viscosity

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17
Q

What are Radiographs used to look at in the CV system?

A

lungs, pleural space, and pulmonary vessels

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18
Q

What is Ultrasound used to look at in the CV system?

A

heart size, thickness, shape, function, and valves

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19
Q

What is ECG used to look at in the CV system?

A

arrhythmias

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20
Q

What are Angiograms used to look at in the CV system?

A

blood vessels for stenosis/clots

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21
Q

What is Phonocardiograms (PCG) used to listen for?

A

murmurs and heart sounds

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22
Q

What is the normal conduction pathway in the heart?

A

SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> L/R AV Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers

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23
Q

Where are the ECG leads placed?

A

black - FL
white - FR
red - BL
green - BR

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24
Q

ECG: Artifacts

A

interference, shivering, breathing, purring

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25
Q

ECG: Interference - Appearance

A

small, rapid, regular flux

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26
Q

ECG: Shivering - Appearance

A

large, rapid, irregular flux

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27
Q

ECG: Breathing - Appearance

A

wide tan() like lines

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28
Q

ECG Paper: Measurements

A

1 sq. = 1mm; 1cm H = 1mV

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29
Q

ECG: Determining HR

A

60 x (# of R-waves on strip/ # of sec. on strip)

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30
Q

What is the Mean Electrical Axis?

A

avg direction of activation of ventricular myocardium

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31
Q

Mean Electrical Axis: Normal Values

A

70-90

90

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32
Q

ECG: Normal P-wave Dimensions

A

0.04sec x 0.3mV

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33
Q

ECG: P-wave Abnormalities

A

inc. time (mound) = L. atrial enlargement (mitral (side))

inc. mV (peak) = R. atrial enlargement (pulmonic (side))

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34
Q

ECG: Normal QRS Complex Dimensions

A

0.04-0.08sec x 2.5-3mV

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35
Q

ECG: QRS Complex Abnormalities

A

inc. mV +/ time = L. ventricular enlargement

large S-wave = R. ventricular enlargement

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36
Q

ECG: R. Bundle Branch Block - Appearance

A

deep S, prolonged QRS, dec. R mV

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37
Q

ECG: L. Bundle Branch Block - Appearance

A

prolonged QRS, normal R

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38
Q

ECG: Low Voltage Complexes - Appearance

A

QRS complexes are

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39
Q

ECG: Low Voltage Complexes - Causes

A

obesity, pleural/pericardial effusion, pneumothorax

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40
Q

ECG: Normal S-T segment

A

within 1.5-2mm of baseline before QRS complex

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41
Q

ECG: Normal Q-T segment Length

A

inversely proportional to HR, changes with Ca/K

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42
Q

ECG: Normal T-wave Height

A
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43
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Wandering Atrial Pacemaker - Cause

A

P-waves from outside the SA node

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44
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Wander Atrial Pacemaker - Appearance

A

variable P-wave morphology, variable P-R interval

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45
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Sinus Arrest - Cause

A

failure of SA node to beat

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46
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Sinus Arrest - Appearance

A

QRS complexes w/o a P-wave (escape beats)

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47
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Hyperkalemia - Appearance

A

tall T-waves, missing P-waves, prolonged QRS complexes

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48
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: AV Block - Cause

A

delay/failure of transmission at the AV node

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49
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: AV Block - 1st Degree

A

delayed transmission; prolonged P-R interval

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50
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: AV Block - 2nd Degree Mobitz Type I

A

intermittent failure of conduction; increasing P-R interval until missing QRS commplex

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51
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: AV Block - 2nd Degree Mobitz Type II

A

intermittent failure of conduction; no P-R interval changes before QRS complex is missing

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52
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: AV Block - 3rd Degree

A

no conduction through AV node; P-waves w/ escape beats

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53
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Sick Sinus Syndrome - Cause

A

abnormal SA node + AV system

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54
Q

Bradyarrhythmia: Sick Sinus Syndrome - Appearance

A

intermittent Sinus arrest +/ AV block

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55
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Superventricular Premature Depolarization - Cause

A

ectopic pathway in atria

56
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Superventricular Premature Depolarization - Appearance

A

premature P-waves (poss. hidden in T-wave), normal QRS

57
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Ventricular Premature Depolarization - Cause

A

ectopic focus in ventricle

58
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Ventricular Premature Depolarization - Appearance

A

premature, prolonged, bizarre QRS complexes, no P-wave;
if (+) R-wave, ectopic focus is in R. ventricle
if (-) R-wave, ectopic focus is in L. ventricle

59
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Ventricular Premature Depolarization - Fusion Beat

A

combo of normal and ectopic beats

60
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Ventricular Tachycardia - Appearance

A

4+ VPD’s in a row

61
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Atrial Fibrillation - Cause

A

multiple ectopic foci

62
Q

Tachyarrhythmia: Atrial Fibrillation - Appearance

A

no P-waves, normal QRS complexes, random R-R interval

63
Q

Heart Failure: LCHF - Signs

A

Hypotension - pale mm, inc. CRT, HR; dec. pulse pressure, weakness, syncope, azotemia
Pulmonary Edema - dyspnea, coughing, tachypnea, exorcise intolerance, cyanosis

64
Q

Hear Failure: RCHF - Signs

A

ascites, distended jugular veins, hepatosplenomegally, pleural effusion, hypotension

65
Q

Heart Failure: Phase I

A

dz but no signs

66
Q

Heart Failure: Phase II

A

cough, dyspnea/ exorcise intolerance

67
Q

Heart Failure: Phase III

A

cough, dyspnea/orthopnea at night, exorcise intolerance

68
Q

Hear Failure: Phase IV

A

cough, dyspnea, cyanosis at rest

69
Q

Heart Failure: Stage A

A

high risk, but no dz

70
Q

Heart Failure: Stage B1

A

structural dz, but no signs and normal rads and echo

71
Q

Heart Failure: Stage B2

A

structural dz, but no signs, L. heart enlargement

72
Q

Heart Failure: Stage C

A

past/current clinical signs of failure

73
Q

Heart Failure: Stage D

A

End-stage dz

74
Q

Heart Failure: Precautions

A

handle w/ care, oxygenate, reduce edema (diuretics), dec. preload (venodilators), dec. afterload (ACE inhibitors), inc. contractility (digoxin, pimobendan), restricted NA diet (kidney/geriatric)

75
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Definition

A

duct connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta

76
Q

PDA: Dx - Radiographs

A

enlarged LA + LV, angiography

77
Q

PDA: Dx - U/S

A

Enlarged LA + LV, doppler

78
Q

PDA: Tx

A

surgery, embolization coil

79
Q

Aortic Stenosis: Definition

A

band of fibrocartilage neart the aortic valve => LV hypertrophy

80
Q

Aortic Stenosis: Effects

A

inc. afterload; dec. diastolic filling, output; hypoxia, arrhythmia, mismatched pulse (hypotonic), stenotic murmur

81
Q

Aortic Stenosis: Dx - Radiographs

A

poss. LV hypertrophy, post stenotic aortic dilatation

82
Q

Aortic Stenosis: Dx - U/S

A

thickened wall, narrowing near aortic valve, doppler, M-mode

83
Q

Aortic Stenosis: Tx

A

symptomatic, dec. BP (B-blocker), control CHF, surgery

84
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis: Definition

A

valvular dysplasia (thickening +/ fusion)

85
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis: Effects

A

R. hypertrophy, arrhythmia, murmur, poss. uneven hypertrophy, turbulence => dilatation

86
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis: Dx - Radiographs

A

enlarged R. heart, pulmonary trunk dilation, angiogram

87
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis: Dx - U/S

A

doppler, appreciate valves

88
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis: Tx

A

balloon valvuloplasty, patchgraft valvulplasty

89
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect: Definition

A

a hole in the intraventricular wall

90
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect: Effects

A

Volume overload => eccentric hypertrophy + dilatation (R. side too if defect is low); murmur

91
Q

T/F: The louder the murmur, caused by VSD, the worse the prognosis.

A

False.

The louder the murmur, the better the prognosis. B/c it’s a smaller hole.

92
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect: Dx - Radiographs

A

enlarged LV + LA, enlarged pulmonary vessels

93
Q

Tetrology of Fallot: Definition

A

pulmonic stenosis, overiding aorta (aorta goes around pulmonary artery), VSD, enlarged RV

94
Q

Tetrology of Fallot: Effects

A

cyanotic (in front and back), erythrocytosis, murmur (softens with inc. viscosity)

95
Q

Tetrology of Fallot: Dx - Radiographs

A

dec. pulmonary vessel size, dilated pulmonary artery, angiogram

96
Q

Tetrology of Fallot: Dx - U/S

A

doppler, identify defects and stenosis

97
Q

Tetrology of Fallot: Tx

A

surgery

98
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Definition

A

enlargement of LV

99
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Signs

A

wt. loss, atrial fib, VPD, V-tach, LCHR +/ RCHF

100
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Dx - Radiographs

A

globous heart

101
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Dx - U/S

A

M-mode, doppler

102
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Dx - ECG

A

atrial fib, VPD, V-tach

103
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Tx - Early Phase

A

monitor

104
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Tx - Occult Phase

A

ACE inhibitor, pimobendan, B-blockers, treat arrhythmias

105
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Tx - Classic Phase

A

furosimide, ACE inhibiters, pimobendan, restricted Na diet

106
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Tx - Severe (Hospitalized) Phase

A

O2, drain any fluid, furosimide, dobutamine/pimobendan, restricted Na diet, ACE inhibiter

107
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Definition

A

Thickening of the LV wall

108
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Signs

A

syncope, dyspnea, paresis (saddle thromus), steroids/stress, L-CHF, poss. murmur, focal retinal degeneration

109
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Dx - Radiographs

A

valentine shaped, enlarged LA, angiogram (shrunken LV space)

110
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Dx U/S

A

wall thickness

111
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Tx

A

nothing, treat failure accordingly; B-blockers help heart to fill more

112
Q

Arrythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy: Definition

A

fibrosis, inflammation, +/ fat infiltration of the RV

113
Q

ARVC: Forms

A

Concealed - no signs
Overt - signs present
myocardial dysfunction - severe case

114
Q

ARVC: Signs

A

weakness, syncope, R/L-CHF, VPD

115
Q

ARVC: Dx

A

postmortem

116
Q

ARVC: Tx

A

symptomatic, sotalol, carnitine?, Omega-3

117
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Definition

A

callogen abnormality of the LAV valve => dysfunction, ruptured cordea tendonea

118
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Syndromes

A

little regurge - asymptomatic, inc. LA, coughing

large regurge - L-CHF, coughing

119
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Signs

A

asymptomatic, cough, acute/chronic LHF (exercise intolerance, syncope, dyspnea, tamponade, systolic murmur (clicking sound), crackles

120
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Dx - Lab

A

inc. BUN, Crea, liver enzymes

121
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Dx - Radiographs

A

enlarged LA

122
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Dx - U/S

A

thickened/prolapsed valves, enlarged LA, doppler

123
Q

Myxomatous AV Valvular Degeneration: Tx

A

Symptomatic, CHF; arteriodilators - dec. resistance in the aorta making it the path of least resistance

124
Q

Endocarditis: Definition

A

bacterial infection of the endocardium (often the aortic valve)

125
Q

Endocarditis: Causative agents

A

Bartonell, Staph, Strep, E. coli, Corynebacterium, pseudomonas

126
Q

Endocarditis: Effects

A

CHF, dysrrhythmia, septic emboli, polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis

127
Q

Endocarditis: Signs

A

infection (source of bact), intermittent malaise, wt. loss, shifting lameness, fever, murmur (sudden, loud), bounding pulse, poss. renal/neuro signs

128
Q

Endocarditis: Dx - Lab

A

infection leukogram, anemia, thrombocytopenia, PCR

129
Q

Endocarditis: Dx - U/S

A

irregular valve

130
Q

Endocarditis: Dx - Radiographs

A

CHF signs w/o enlarged heart

131
Q

Endocarditis: Tx

A

symptomatic, antibiotics

132
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Definition

A

inc. fluid in the pericardial sac,

133
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Signs

A

lethargy, dyspnea, syncope, wt. loss, ascites, vomiting, pale mm, inc. CRT, muffled heart sounds

134
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Dx - Radiology

A

round heart (smooth edges)

135
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Dx - U/S

A

appreciate pericardial effusion

136
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Dx - Lab

A

nRBCs, pericardioscentesis

137
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Tx

A

balloon, pericardiotomy

Small Animal Medicine (8 decks)

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