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A2 Sociology > Ideology And Science > Flashcards

Ideology And Science Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why does society have faith in science?

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2
Q

Why has society’s faith in society started to fail?

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3
Q

Briefly explain what is meant by the ‘cognitive power’ of science.

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4
Q

According to Popper, in what way is science an open belief system?

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5
Q

Briefly explain what is meant by ‘the principle of falsificationism’.

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6
Q

What is meant by science being culmulative?

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7
Q

According to Popper, what prevents scientific knowledge from being sacred or absolute truth?

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8
Q

According to Merton, who first supported scientific thinking?

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9
Q

Briefly outline the ‘CUDOS’ norms that Merton states makes scientists act in ways that serve the goal of increasing scientific knowledge.

A
  • Communism:
  • Universalism
  • Disinterestedness
  • Organised Scepticism
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10
Q

What makes religion a closed belief system?

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11
Q

What prevents a closed belief system from being disproved?

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12
Q

Use an example to illustrate how the Azande explain misfortune.

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13
Q

How do the Azande deal with a suspected witch?

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14
Q

According to Evans-Pritchard, what three functions does the Azande belief system perform?

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15
Q

What prevents the Azande from questioning the belief system?

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16
Q

Briefly explain each of the three devices for sustaining belief systems that Polanyi identifies.

A
  • Circularity:
  • Subsidiary explanations
  • Denial of legitimacy to rivals
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17
Q

According to Polanyi, in what way is science a closed belief system?

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18
Q

Explain what Kuhn means by a paradigm.

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19
Q

According to Kuhn, what is normal science?

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20
Q

What happens to those scientists who challenge the paradigm?

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21
Q

According to Kuhn, when does a scientific revolution take place?

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22
Q

Briefly explain what interpretivists mean by ‘social construction’.

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23
Q

According to Knorr-Cetina, how is sicence able to ‘fabricate’ new facts and how does she view the laboratory setting?

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24
Q

How does the example of ‘little green men’ illustrate the fact that scientists are engaged in the process of interpreting the world?

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25
Q

Briefly explain how each of these perspectives views science:

  • Marxism
  • Feminism
  • Postmodernism
A
  • Marxism:
  • Feminism:
  • Postmodernism:
26
Q

Define ideology

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27
Q

What are the four negative aspects of the meaning of the term ideology in sociology?

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28
Q

Why is it inworkers’ interests to overthrow capitalism?

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29
Q

What is meant by class consciousness?

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30
Q

Define ruling-class ideology.

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31
Q

Give three examples of the beliefs and ideas of ruling class ideology.

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32
Q

Briefly explain how Gramsci sees workers as having dual consciousness.

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33
Q

Define ‘organic intellectuals’.

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34
Q

How do Abercrombie et all criticise Gramsci?

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35
Q

Briefly outline the three features of nationalism.

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36
Q

According to Anderson, why is a nation an ‘imagined community’?

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37
Q

According to Marx, why is nationalism a form of false class consciousness?

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38
Q

How do functionalists see nationalism?

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39
Q

According to functionalists, what role does education play in nationalism?

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40
Q

According to Gellner, why is nationalism a feature of modern societies rather than preindustrial societies?.

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41
Q

What is Gellner’s view of the role of education?

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42
Q

According to Gellner, how is nationalism used to enable a state to modernise?

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43
Q

Briefly explain Mannheim’s two types of belief system.

A
  • Ideological thought:

- Utopian thought

44
Q

According to Mannheim, by whom are worldviews created?

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45
Q

Why do these worldviews only give a partial view of reality?

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46
Q

Accordign to Mannheim, what is the source of conflict in society?

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47
Q

In Mannheim’s view, why are the free-floating intelligentsia able to arrive at a total worldview?

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48
Q

According to feminists, what is the fundamental division in society?

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49
Q

According to Pauline Marks, in what ways have ideas from science been used to justify women’s exclusion from education?

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50
Q

Use an example to show how religious beliefs may define women as inferior.

A

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51
Q

Give an example of a religious belief that does not subordinate women.

A

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A2 Sociology (26 decks)

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