Control, Punishment and Victims Flashcards
According to Clarke, what is situational crime prevention (SCP)?
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Briefly outline the three features of SCP.
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Briefly outline three methods of target hardening.
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Briefly explain what is meant by rational choice theory.
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According to Clarke, why should crime prevention focus on the immediate crime situation?
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Using Felson’s example of Port Authority Bus Terminal, explain how it is possible to ‘design out crime’.
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Briefly outline what is meant by displacement.
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Briefly outline the five types of displacement.
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Briefly outline four criticisms of SCP.
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What do Wilson and Kelling mean by ‘broken windows’?
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According to Wilson and Kelling, how has formal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?
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According to Wilson and Kelling, how has informal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?
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What is the result of the breakdown of control in neighbourhoods?
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Briefly explain Wilson and Kelling’s solutions to crime.
- Environmental improvement strategy:
- Zero tolerance policing strategy:
Use an example to illustrate the success of zero tolerance policing.
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Briefly outline five factors that may have contributed to the improvements in the crime rate in New York.
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What is the emphasis of social and community prevention strategies?
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Briefly explain the outcomes of the Perry pre-school project.
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Define surveillance
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How is surveillance carried out in late modern society?
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Briefly explain the meaning of sovereign power.
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Briefly explain the meaning of disciplinary power.
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According to Foucault, why has disciplinary power replaced sovereign power in Western societies?
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Briefly explain the Panopticon and how it leads to self-surveillance.
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According to Foucault, what is the difference in outcomes between disciplinary power and sovereign power?
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List the institutions that subject individuals to disciplinary power, apart from prisons.
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Briefly explain two criticisms of Foucault.
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According to Norris, why is the effectiveness of CCTV cameras limited?
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According to Gill and Loveday, what function do CCTV cameras perform?
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According to Mathiesen, how do the media enable surveillance?
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Explain what Mathiesen means by the ‘Synopticon’.
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According to Thompson, how are powerful groups affected by surveillance?
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How do the public carry out synoptic surveillance? Why is this called ‘sousveillance’?
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Briefly explain what Haggerty and Ericson mean by ‘surveillance assemblages’.
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According to Feeley and Simon, how is the new ‘technology of power’ different from Foucault’s disciplinary power?.
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Briefly explain how airport security screenings use ‘risk factors’ to carry out surveillance.
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How does Young describe actuarial justice?
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According to Lyon, what is the purpose of ‘social sorting’?
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According to Gary Marx, what is ‘categorical suspicion’? Give an example.
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Briefly outline one problem with actuarial justice.
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According to Ditton et al, how does the use of CCTV show evidence of labelling?
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According to Norris and Armstrong, how do the CCTV operators use typifications when monitoring areas?
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Briefly outline how punishment may reduce crime in the following ways:
- Deterrence
- Rehabilitation
- Incapacitation
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Briefly outline how punishment may act as a form of retribution.
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According to Durkheim, what is the function of punishment?
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Briefly explain retributive justice.
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Briefly explain restitutive justice.
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According to Marxists, what is the function of punishment? Give an example.
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According to Marxists, what is the form of punishment under capitalism? Give an example.
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According to Melossi and Pavarini, how does imprisonment reflect capitalist relations of production?
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How has the role of prison changed since the Enlightenment?
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Why may imprisonment not be an effective method of rehabilitation? Despite this ineffectiveness, why have prison populations increased in England and Wales?
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How does the rate of incarceration in America compare to that in Europe? According to Garland, what is the impact of these high rates of incarceration?
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According to Downes, what is the ideological function of imprisonment?
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What is ‘penal welfarism’?
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Define transcarceration.
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Use an example to illustrate how transcarceration is a product of the blurring or boundaries between the criminal justice system and welfare agencies.
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What community-based controls are used as alternatives to prison? According to Cohen, how has this cast the net of control over more people?
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How does the United Nations define victims?
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According to Christie, what is the definition of ‘victim’?
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Why is it important to study victims?
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Briefly explain the three features of positivist victimology.
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How did early positivist studies use the idea of victim proneness and what is the implication of this?
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Briefly outline four criticisms of positivist victimology.
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Which theories is critical victimology based on?
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Briefly outline the following elements of critical victimology:
- Structural factors
- The state’s power to apply or deny the label of a victim
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According to TOmbs and Whyte, why do ‘safety crimes’ often deny people victim status?
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According to Tombs and Whyte, what is the ideological function of failure to label?
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Briefly outline two criticisms of critical victimology.
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Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:
- Class
- Age
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Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:
- Ethnicity
- Class
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Briefly explain repeat victimisation.
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Briefly outline some of the impacts of being a victim of crime.
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How might crime affect those who are not direct victims?
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Briefly explain what is meant by secondary victimsation.
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What might be the impact of fear of victimisation.
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