Control, Punishment and Victims

Question 1

According to Clarke, what is situational crime prevention (SCP)?

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Question 2

Briefly outline the three features of SCP.

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Question 3

Briefly outline three methods of target hardening.

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Question 4

Briefly explain what is meant by rational choice theory.

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Question 5

According to Clarke, why should crime prevention focus on the immediate crime situation?

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Question 6

Using Felson’s example of Port Authority Bus Terminal, explain how it is possible to ‘design out crime’.

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Question 7

Briefly outline what is meant by displacement.

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Question 8

Briefly outline the five types of displacement.

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Question 9

Briefly outline four criticisms of SCP.

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Question 10

What do Wilson and Kelling mean by ‘broken windows’?

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Question 11

According to Wilson and Kelling, how has formal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?

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Question 12

According to Wilson and Kelling, how has informal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?

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Question 13

What is the result of the breakdown of control in neighbourhoods?

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Question 14

Briefly explain Wilson and Kelling’s solutions to crime.

Answer 14

• Environmental improvement strategy:

- Zero tolerance policing strategy:

Question 15

Use an example to illustrate the success of zero tolerance policing.

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Question 16

Briefly outline five factors that may have contributed to the improvements in the crime rate in New York.

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Question 17

What is the emphasis of social and community prevention strategies?

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Question 18

Briefly explain the outcomes of the Perry pre-school project.

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Question 19

Define surveillance

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Question 20

How is surveillance carried out in late modern society?

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Question 21

Briefly explain the meaning of sovereign power.

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Question 22

Briefly explain the meaning of disciplinary power.

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Question 23

According to Foucault, why has disciplinary power replaced sovereign power in Western societies?

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Question 24

Briefly explain the Panopticon and how it leads to self-surveillance.

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Question 25

According to Foucault, what is the difference in outcomes between disciplinary power and sovereign power?

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Question 26

List the institutions that subject individuals to disciplinary power, apart from prisons.

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Question 27

Briefly explain two criticisms of Foucault.

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Question 28

According to Norris, why is the effectiveness of CCTV cameras limited?

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Question 29

According to Gill and Loveday, what function do CCTV cameras perform?

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Question 30

According to Mathiesen, how do the media enable surveillance?

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Question 31

Explain what Mathiesen means by the 'Synopticon'.

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Question 32

According to Thompson, how are powerful groups affected by surveillance?

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Question 33

How do the public carry out synoptic surveillance? Why is this called 'sousveillance'?

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Question 34

Briefly explain what Haggerty and Ericson mean by 'surveillance assemblages'.

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Question 35

According to Feeley and Simon, how is the new 'technology of power' different from Foucault's disciplinary power?.

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Question 36

Briefly explain how airport security screenings use 'risk factors' to carry out surveillance.

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Question 37

How does Young describe actuarial justice?

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Question 38

According to Lyon, what is the purpose of 'social sorting'?

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Question 39

According to Gary Marx, what is 'categorical suspicion'? Give an example.

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Question 40

Briefly outline one problem with actuarial justice.

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Question 41

According to Ditton et al, how does the use of CCTV show evidence of labelling?

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Question 42

According to Norris and Armstrong, how do the CCTV operators use typifications when monitoring areas?

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Question 43

Briefly outline how punishment may reduce crime in the following ways: - Deterrence - Rehabilitation - Incapacitation

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Question 44

Briefly outline how punishment may act as a form of retribution.

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Question 45

According to Durkheim, what is the function of punishment?

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Question 46

Briefly explain retributive justice.

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Question 47

Briefly explain restitutive justice.

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Question 48

According to Marxists, what is the function of punishment? Give an example.

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Question 49

According to Marxists, what is the form of punishment under capitalism? Give an example.

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Question 50

According to Melossi and Pavarini, how does imprisonment reflect capitalist relations of production?

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Question 51

How has the role of prison changed since the Enlightenment?

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Question 52

Why may imprisonment not be an effective method of rehabilitation? Despite this ineffectiveness, why have prison populations increased in England and Wales?

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Question 53

How does the rate of incarceration in America compare to that in Europe? According to Garland, what is the impact of these high rates of incarceration?

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Question 54

According to Downes, what is the ideological function of imprisonment?

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Question 55

What is 'penal welfarism'?

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Question 56

Define transcarceration.

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Question 57

Use an example to illustrate how transcarceration is a product of the blurring or boundaries between the criminal justice system and welfare agencies.

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Question 58

What community-based controls are used as alternatives to prison? According to Cohen, how has this cast the net of control over more people?

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Question 59

How does the United Nations define victims?

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Question 60

According to Christie, what is the definition of 'victim'?

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Question 61

Why is it important to study victims?

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Question 62

Briefly explain the three features of positivist victimology.

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Question 63

How did early positivist studies use the idea of victim proneness and what is the implication of this?

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Question 64

Briefly outline four criticisms of positivist victimology.

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Question 65

Which theories is critical victimology based on?

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Question 66

Briefly outline the following elements of critical victimology: - Structural factors - The state's power to apply or deny the label of a victim

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Question 67

According to TOmbs and Whyte, why do 'safety crimes' often deny people victim status?

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Question 68

According to Tombs and Whyte, what is the ideological function of failure to label?

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Question 69

Briefly outline two criticisms of critical victimology.

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Question 70

Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups: - Class - Age

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Question 71

Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups: - Ethnicity - Class

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Question 72

Briefly explain repeat victimisation.

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Question 73

Briefly outline some of the impacts of being a victim of crime.

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Question 74

How might crime affect those who are not direct victims?

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Question 75

Briefly explain what is meant by secondary victimsation.

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Question 76

What might be the impact of fear of victimisation.

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