I wanna kms

Question 1

What is an allergen?

Answer 1

An allergen is a typically harmless substance that triggers an exaggerated immune response in some individuals.

Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, and certain foods.

Question 2

How is an allergen different from an antigen?

Answer 2

An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response, but allergens specifically cause hypersensitivity reactions.

While all allergens are antigens, not all antigens are allergens.

Question 3

What role do mast cells play in allergies?

Answer 3

Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals during an allergic reaction.

Histamine release leads to symptoms such as itching and swelling.

Question 4

What do IgE antibodies do in allergic reactions?

Answer 4

IgE antibodies bind to allergens and trigger mast cell activation.

This activation leads to the release of inflammatory mediators.

Question 5

What is an anaphylactic reaction?

Answer 5

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction causing airway constriction, a drop in blood pressure, and shock.

Question 6

What is the function of antihistamines?

Answer 6

Antihistamines block histamine receptors.

Question 7

What does epinephrine (EpiPen) do?

Answer 7

Epinephrine counteracts anaphylaxis by relaxing airway muscles and constricting blood vessels.

Question 8

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 8

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.

Question 9

How does the body carry out an autoimmune attack in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Answer 9

T cells target myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers, leading to nerve damage.

Question 10

Which immune cells are abnormally active in MS?

Answer 10

T cells, B cells, and macrophages.

Question 11

What are common symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 11

Muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness, and coordination issues.

Question 12

What are Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for MS?

Answer 12

Treatments that slow progression, such as interferons.

Question 13

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 13

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks joint linings, causing inflammation, pain, and damage.

Question 14

What immune cells are involved in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 14

T cells, B cells, and inflammatory cytokines.

Question 15

List symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 15

• Swollen joints
• Painful joints
• Stiffness

Question 16

What are DMARDs?

Answer 16

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs that slow joint damage.

Question 17

What is HIV?

Answer 17

A virus that targets the immune system, leading to AIDS, a condition of severe immune suppression.

Question 18

Which immune cell does HIV target?

Answer 18

CD4+ T cells.

Question 19

What are the implications for HIV patients?

Answer 19

They become vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

Question 20

What is antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

Answer 20

A treatment that suppresses viral replication in HIV patients.

Question 21

What are MHC proteins?

Answer 21

Proteins that recognize body cells.

Question 22

What are HLA proteins?

Answer 22

Proteins that recognize macrophages and B cells.

Question 23

What are the types of transplants?

Answer 23

• Organ (e.g., kidney, liver)
• Tissue
• Bone marrow

Question 24

What occurs during transplant rejection?

Answer 24

The immune system attacks the transplanted tissue.

Question 25

What are immunosuppressive drugs?

Answer 25

Medications like cyclosporine used to reduce the immune response in transplant patients.

Question 26

What organ is affected in Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 26

The pancreas.

Question 27

What is the role of insulin?

Answer 27

Insulin regulates blood sugar by enabling glucose uptake by cells.

Question 28

What makes Type I Diabetes autoimmune?

Answer 28

T cells attack insulin-producing beta cells.

Question 29

What does life with Type 1 diabetes require?

Answer 29

Insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose, and lifestyle adjustments.

Question 30

What is cancer?

Answer 30

Uncontrolled cell growth forming malignant tumors.

Question 31

How does the immune system relate to cancer?

Answer 31

The immune system often fails to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

Question 32

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 32

Specialized immune cells that target and destroy abnormal cells.

Question 33

What are monoclonal antibodies used for in cancer treatment?

Answer 33

Engineered antibodies that target specific cancer cells or deliver drugs to tumors.

Question 34

What gland is affected in Grave’s Disease?

Answer 34

The thyroid gland.

Question 35

What hormones are involved in Grave’s Disease?

Answer 35

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

Question 36

What makes Grave’s Disease autoimmune?

Answer 36

Antibodies stimulate the thyroid, leading to overproduction of hormones.

Question 37

What does life with Grave’s disease require?

Answer 37

Medication, radioactive iodine, or surgery to manage symptoms.

Question 38

What is leukemia?

Answer 38

A cancer of blood-forming tissues, leading to abnormal white blood cells.

Question 39

What are granulocytes?

Answer 39

A type of white blood cell involved in immune defense.

Question 40

List the types of leukemia and the cells they affect.

Answer 40

* ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia): Affects lymphocytes * CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia): Affects mature lymphocytes * AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia): Affects myeloid cells * CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia): Affects myeloid cells gradually

Question 41

What are common treatments for leukemia?

Answer 41

* Chemotherapy * Targeted therapy * Bone marrow transplants