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Metabolism CC > Hypothalamus + Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus + Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei

A 
Paraventricular
Anterior
Supraoptic
Dorsomedial
Ventromedial
Arcuate
Posterior
Mamillary body
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2
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A 
Pituitary function
Feeding (appetite + satiety)
Stress response
Water balance
Sleep-wake cycle
Thermoregulation
Emotion
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3
Q

Anterior pituitary lobe releases

A 
GH
TSH
LH
FSH
PRL
ACTH
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4
Q

Posterior pituitary lobe releases

A

Oxytocin

AVP

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5
Q

Pituitary development

A

Oral ectoderm –> rudimentary pouch –> definitive pouch –> pituitary gland

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6
Q

PUOF1 (Pit1) mutation

A

Severe dwarfism
hypothyroid
Stops generation of TSH, GH and PRL

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7
Q

Growth hormone formation stimulated by

A

GHRH

Ghrelin

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8
Q

Growth hormone formation inhibited by

A

SS

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9
Q

Growth hormone produces

A

IGF 1- from liver

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10
Q

TSH formation stimulated by

A

TRH

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11
Q

TSH produces

A

T3 and T4

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12
Q

PRL formation stimulated by

A

TRH

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13
Q

PRL formation inhibited by

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

ACTH formation stimulated by

A

CRH

AvP

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15
Q

ACTH produces

A

Cortisol

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16
Q

FSH and LH production stimulated by

A

Kisspeptin

GnRH

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17
Q

FSH and LH produce

A

Sex steroids
inhibin
Ovulation
Spermatogenesis

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18
Q

Thyroid axis

A

TRH –> TSH –> thyroxine –> liothyronine

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19
Q

Thyroid axis inhibition

A

Thyroxine inhibits TSH and TRH

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20
Q

Primary underactivity

A

Target hormone decreased

–> raised levels of hypothalamus stimulatory hormone and pituitary hormone, as trying to produce target hormone

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21
Q

Secondary underactivity

A

Pituitary hormone decreased

  • -> raised hypothalamus stimulatory hormone as trying to increase pituitary hormone
  • -> decreased target hormone as isn’t stimulated due to decreased pituitary hormone
22
Q

Primary overactivity

A

Target hormone increased

–> hypothalamus stimulatory hormone and pituitary hormone are decreased to try and decrease target hormone

23
Q

Secondary underactivity

A

Pituitary hormone increased

  • -> hypothalamus stimulatory hormone decreased to try and decrease pituitary hormone
  • -> target hormone increased due to faulty high pituitary hormone levels, which cause it to increase
24
Q

GH inhibits

A

SS
GHRH
Itself

25
Q

GHRH role

A

Promote GH cell clusters for coordinated responses
Increase GH cell number
Increase GH synthesis
Stimulate GH release

26
Q

McCune-Albright syndrome

A

Mosaic mutation
Not inherited
R201 mutation
excess cAMP

27
Q

McCune-Albright syndrome Diagnostic criteria

A

Fibrous dysplasia
Café au lait spots
Endocrine dysfunction
–> precocious puberty (GnRH independent), hyperthyroid goitre, adrenal hyperplasia, somatotroph hyperplasia

28
Q

Things that inhibit hGH

A

Cabergoline
Somatostatin analogues
Pegvisomant- on liver

29
Q

Pegvisomant

A

Stops activation of GH receptor

30
Q

Gigantism + acromegaly

A 
Very young onset <5
Females more likely
Additional hyperprolactinaemia
Hyperplasia or adenomas
Mostly sporadic
31
Q

Gigantism + acromegaly genetics

A

Duplication of GPR101 on X chromosome

32
Q

GPR101

A

Increases GHRH

33
Q

Increase cortisol

A

Cushing’s

34
Q

Decrease cortisol

A

Addison’s

35
Q

ACTH stimulated by

A

CRH

Arginine-vasopressin

36
Q

What inhibits ACTH

A

cortisol

37
Q

Cortisol release

A

Circadian rhythm

More at 6-9am

38
Q

Cushing’s syndrome groups

A

ACTH independent

ACTH dependent

39
Q

ACTH independent cushings

A

Due to steroids

40
Q

ACTH dependent cushings

A

Adrenal hyperplasia or tumour

Pituitary adenoma

41
Q

What stimulates Kisspeptin

A

Oestrogen

42
Q

What inhibits FSH and LH

A

Inhibin

43
Q

Oestrogen +ve feedback of puberty

A 
Oestrogen positive effect on  kisspeptin by releasing GABA or glutamate
Kisspeptin positive effect on GnRH
GnRH positive effect on gonadotroph
Release of LH + FSH
Positive effect on oestrogen
Highest at day 30
44
Q

Continuous GnRH drive

A

Receptor desensitisation
Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Inhibited with GnRH ANALOGUES

45
Q

Stimulate gonadal axis pulsatile GnRH

A

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

46
Q

Kallmann syndrome

A

No KAL protein (anosmin) released
Delayed or absent puberty
impaired sense of smell

47
Q

Difference between Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin

A

AVP has a PHE where oxytocin has ILE

AVP has ARG where oxytocin has LEU

48
Q

Vasopressin

A

Secretion increased mainly by increased osmolality

This increases water re-absorption in collecting tubule

49
Q

Vasopressin absence

A

Cranial diabetes inspidus

50
Q

Vasopressin replacement

A

Desmopressin

Metabolism CC (29 decks)

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