Endocrine Anatomy

Question 1

Endocrine system

Answer 1

Concerned with maintaining homeostasis

Ductless –> secrete hormones straight into bloodstream

Question 2

Pituitary gland location

Answer 2

Sella turcica

Question 3

Anterior lobe pituitary- other name

Answer 3

Adenohypophysis

Question 4

Posterior lobe pituitary- other name

Answer 4

Neurohypophysis

Question 5

Anterior lobe pituitary- what hormones are released

Answer 5

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 6

Posterior lobe pituitary- what hormones are released

Answer 6

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Question 7

Supraoptic nuclei

Answer 7

ADH

–> posterior pituitary

Question 8

Paraventricular nuclei

Answer 8

Oxytocin

–> posterior pituitary

Question 9

Anterior pituitary vascular connection

Answer 9

ICA –> Superior hypophyseal artery –> primary plexus in hypothalamus –> secondary plexus

Question 10

Anterior pituitary vein drainage

Answer 10

Hypophyseal portal vein –> efferent hypophyseal veins –> cavernous sinus

Question 11

Low levels T3 and T4

Answer 11

–> Thyrotropin-releasing hormone –> thyroid stimulating hormone –> T3 and T4

Question 12

Adrenal cortex

Answer 12

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

Question 13

Medulla

Answer 13

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
A specialised sympathetic ganglion, with preganglionic sympathetic fibres synapsing and stimulating release of adrenaline

Question 14

Adrenal gland zones- part of Cortex

Answer 14

Zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Zona glomerulosa

Question 15

Zona reticularis

Answer 15

Innermost- touching medulla

Androgens (testosterone precursor)

Question 16

Zona fasciculata

Answer 16

Middle

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Question 17

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 17

Outermost
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 18

Adrenal Glands

Answer 18

Between superomedial aspects of kidneys + crura of diaphragm
In perirenal fat
Pyramid shaped right (contact with liver + IVC)
Crescent shaped left (spleen, stomach, pancreas)

Question 19

RHS adrenal gland shape

Answer 19

pyramid

Question 20

LHS adrenal gland shape

Answer 20

crescent

Question 21

Adrenal gland blood supply

Answer 21

Top - Superior suprarenal arteries, from inferior phrenic
Middle- middle suprarenal artery, from abdominal aorta
Bottom- Inferior suprarenal, from renal artery

Question 22

Adrenal glands veins

Answer 22

Large suprarenal vein
Right –> IVC
Left –> left renal vein

Question 23

Neck bones thing

Answer 23

Hyoid top
Thyroid middle
Cricoid bottom

Question 24

Neck muscles

Answer 24

Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid

Question 25

Thyroid gland

Answer 25

C5-T1 Composed of right and left lobe - connected by thin isthmus Highly vascular

Question 26

Thyroid blood supply

Answer 26

Superior thyroid artery | Inferior thyroid artey

Question 27

Parathyroid glands

Answer 27

Posterior surface | PTH --> increases blood calcium

Question 28

Pancreas

Answer 28

Secretion of powerful digestive enzymes into SI (exocrine) | Releases insulin + glucagon in bloodstream (endocrine)

Question 29

Pancreas blood supply

Answer 29

Coeliac trunk | SMA