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Pathology > Hypotension, Thrombosis, Embolism & Infarction > Flashcards

Hypotension, Thrombosis, Embolism & Infarction Flashcards

1
Q

what is systole

A

left vent cotract

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2
Q

what is diastole

A

left vent relax

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3
Q

BP is —-

A

CO x peripheral ritnce

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4
Q

Co consists of

A

heart rate
contractility
Blood vol

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5
Q

peripheral resist consist of

A

constrictor (angiotensin 2)

dilators ( Nitric oxide)

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6
Q

what is hypertension

A

disorder in which level od sustained arterial pressure i higher than expected for age, sex and race

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7
Q

high bp =

A

consistently >140/90 mmHg

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8
Q

when does BP inc

A

on standing on exercise and on expo to cold and emothion

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9
Q

indiv with larger than normal pressure rise in response to stimuli have inc risk of

A

permanent hypertension - labile hypertension

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10
Q

prevalence of hypertension UK

A

20%

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11
Q

what are the classficiatons of hyeprtension

A

primary
secondary

benign
malignant

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12
Q

95% cases hyperT =

A

no detectable cause
primary
essential

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13
Q

what’s primary hypertension induced by

A 
interplay genetics and enviro factors 
race 
stress
diet 
alcohol 
exercise
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14
Q

what is secondary hyperT

A

renal disease
endocrine disorders
aortic disease

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15
Q

what is coarctation of aorta

A

onental narrow of segments aorta

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16
Q

what are some endocrine causes of hyper T

A

adrenal gland tumour
conns syn - excess dlosterone
cashing syn - excess corticosteriod

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17
Q

prognosis of pt with hyperT dept on

A

height and rate of pressure rise

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18
Q

bening hyperT

A

prognosis measured in decades

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19
Q

malignant hyperT

A

accelerate from fatal within 2 years if untreat

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20
Q

benign causes of hyperT

A 
ischaemic heart disease
heart fail 
stroke
acceleration renal disease
malignant hyperT
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21
Q

does benign hyperT symptomatic

A

no

BP rises slowly over the years

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22
Q

what does benign hyperT have an affect

A

heart and arteries
taggert heart, brain and kidneys
ischeamic heart disease

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23
Q

how does benign hyperT affect CVD

A

inc pressure hypertrophy arteries and heart

resist in arteries - thicker walls more narrow
longstand hyperT aggravaties atherosclerosis = aneurysm and disscetions

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24
Q

how does benign hyperT affect the heart

A

left vent hypertrophy - diastole
inc muscle mass and intersistial fibrosis
poor canary artery perfusion
myocardial infart

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25
how does benign hypertension affect the brain
micro aneurysm ina arteries supply baal gala and pons and cerebellum rupture = hypertensive cerebral haemohhae cerebral infarction - stroke
26
how does benign hyperT affect kinds
hyperT aggravates many renal diseases but only in severe cause = renal fail
27
what are the definitive reading of benign hyper
every 10 mmHg diastole above 85 - double MI risk every 8 mmHg diastole above 85 - inc stroke
28
what is the basics of malignant hyperT
life threat | diastole >130 mmHg
29
what can malgganat lead to
``` retinal changes haemorrhages cerebral oedema heart fail acute stroke acute renal fail blood vessels fibrinoid necrosis ```
30
what does maligannayt dev from
benign ot secondary hyperT
31
who is affected by malignant
30-40 yrs | needs urgent treat
32
what is blood clotting
defence mech ag haemorrhage | solid mass blood external to vessel
33
what is blood clot imp for
imp for trauma and surgery
34
what is athormbus
solid mass IN the vessel common found veins but sometimes in arteries
35
what causes thrombus
rik inc by VIRCHOWS TRAID
36
what is virchow train
injury to vessel walls alter blood flow alter blood constituents that in coagulability
37
how is the vessel affected in virchows
loss end surface | inflam
38
what is the flow affects in vrichow
stasis | turbulence
39
what is constiunets affects in virchows
platelets coat proteins visc
40
thowmus formation
platelets coat cascade fibrinolytic cascade
41
what is the events of thrombus form
``` rapid flow blood vasc injury for platelet rich thrombus build up + platelets and fibrin tick to end coat cascade = fibrin strands ```
42
what does a thrombus do
occludes vessel | blood flow slow adhere to thrombus surface = RED THROMBUS
43
what does red thrombus lead to
propagation of further affects
44
what si the fate of thrombus
lysed into anticlht factors larger thumb - infiltrate macrophages and ends cells - racanlise and restore blood flow embolism
45
what is an embolus
abnormal material carries in blood may cause block downstream - dept on site and nature of material
46
what does a large emboli =
infarction of tissue | brain - stroke
47
what are some examples of major types of embolism
``` thromboembolism atheroembolism fat embolism air embolism tumour embolism septic embolism amniotic fluid ```
48
if embolism on arterial side =
heart to brain nd kidney
49
if embolism on venous side
pulmonar circ
50
DVT =
deep vein thrombosis
51
PTE =
pulmonary thromboembolism
52
when can DVT occur
post op bed bound travel
53
what can DVT cause
unilateral leg swell oedema pain
54
what is pTE
``` sudden onset life threat haemoptysis breathlessness CVD collapse and shock cardiac arrest ```
55
what is ana infarction
zonal necrosis due to sudden occulsion of blood supply - atheroma - embolism
56
what si the nxrosis in an infarction due to
lack oxygen and nutrients
57
what is the fate of an infarction
can be fatal re perfusion injury diff tissues have diff susceptibility
58
what is an MI
death myocardial tissue caused by ischaemia persistent ischaema - death myocytes most due to thrombus over atherosclerotic plaque
59
what is ischeamia
reduction or cessation of blood flow
60
is ischaemia reveille
initially stable engine but if persist - death of myocytes
61
what are some complications assc with MI
``` atthythmias cariogenic shock caria rupture ventricular septal defects heart fail ```
62
what is re-perfusion injury
result in injury to cells not prev afffetsd
63
what is re-perfusion injury due to
due to toxic oxygen sp that over prod on restoration of blood supply

Pathology (13 decks)

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