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Pathology > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some endocrine glands

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreS
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2
Q

what are the components of pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

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3
Q

what are the components of adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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4
Q

what is the endocrine part of the pancrease

A

islets of langerhans

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5
Q

what are some endocrine functions

A 
secrete hormones 
maintain metabolic equilibrium 
reach target cells 
modify funciton 
feedback inhibition homeostasis
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6
Q

what are 2 ways of hormone signalling

A

interact with recep - intracellular pathway

diffuse across cell mem
interact intracellular receptors

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7
Q

what are the two types of hormones that interact with receptors on surface

A

peptides

  • GH
  • insulin
  • epinephrine
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8
Q

what are examples of hormones that interact inside cell

A

steroids
- oestrogen
- glucocorticoids
thyroxine

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9
Q

what is hyper and hypofucntion

A

hyperfunction - excess secretion

hypofunction - reduced secretion

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10
Q

what is debates mellitus

A

metabolism disorder result from deficiency of insulin or peripheral insulin resistance

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11
Q

what does insulin deficiency cause

A

hyperglycaemia

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12
Q

what is type 1 DM

A

absolute def of insulin
destroy beta cells
10% cases

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13
Q

what si type 2 DM

A

peripheral resist insulin
inadequate beta response
80-90% cases

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14
Q

what are the complications of acute DM

A

coma

diabetic keto-acidosis

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15
Q

what are some complications with chronic DM

A

microvascular disease
- atheroma
microangiopathy
intracellular hyperglycaemia

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16
Q

what are key mediators of chronic hyperglycaemia

A

advanced glycation end products

17
Q

what are advanced glycation end products

A
  • non enzyme mod of intra/extra cell proteins
  • abnormal matrix
  • reisst proteolysis and can trap other mols
  • bind to receps on endothelial cells
  • promote atherogenesis and microangiopathy
18
Q

what are types of microangiopahty

A

neuorpahy
retinopathy
neuropathy

19
Q

what is nephropathy

A

Glomerulosclerosis
- diffuse
- nodular
infection

20
Q

what is retinopathy

A

cataract ad glaucoma

21
Q

what is neurotpahty

A

senroimotor

autonomic

22
Q

what are some assc infection fro DM

A

much cutaneous infections
TB
pneumonia
ORAL CANDIDA

23
Q

what is assc with secondary hypertension

A

adrenocorticol hyperfunction

phaeochromocytoma

24
Q

what is adrenocorticol hyper function

A

cushing
conns
tumour
hyperplasia

25
Q

what is phaechromocytoa

A

adrenal medullary tumour

26
Q

what is cushing disease

A 
central obesity 
osteoporosis 
hypertension
diabetic 
poor wound heal
risk infection
27
Q

what is addison

A 
chronic adrenocroticol insufficiency 
autoimmune 
infection 
tumours 
skin hyperpgemnetation
28
Q

what are some serious symptoms of addison

A

dec mineralcorticids
dc glucocorticoids
crisis

29
Q

what are some embryological abnormalities of the thyroid glands

A 
dev from evag of pharyngeal epi 
from foramen caecum 
- fail to descent 
-excessive decsent 
thyroglosal duct cyst
30
Q

what is papillary carcinoma

A

thyroid cancer
solitary nodule
lymph node metastasis

31
Q

who dos papillary carcinoma present

A 
lesion thyroid gland 
local effects 
- hoarse
- cough
- dysphagia
32
Q

what are parathyroid glands

A

usually 4
vary position
-chief cells = PTH
- oxyphil cells

33
Q

what are some kinds of parathyroid disease

A

hyper/hypo-parathyroidism

hyper/hypo-calcaemia

34
Q

clinical features of hyperparathyroidism

A 
bone disease
nephrolithiasis
GI complications
CNS
Neuromuscular
CVS
35
Q

what does hypoparathyroidism lead o

A 
tetnay 
dental abnormalities
- fail to erupt 
- dental hypoplasia 
- abraded carious teeth
36
Q

what does ant pit sec

A

trophic

  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH

no trophic

  • GH
  • prolactin
37
Q

what does post pit sec

A

ADH and oxytocin

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