Endocrine Pathology Flashcards
what are some endocrine glands
pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreS
what are the components of pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
what are the components of adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
what is the endocrine part of the pancrease
islets of langerhans
what are some endocrine functions
secrete hormones maintain metabolic equilibrium reach target cells modify funciton feedback inhibition homeostasis
what are 2 ways of hormone signalling
interact with recep - intracellular pathway
diffuse across cell mem
interact intracellular receptors
what are the two types of hormones that interact with receptors on surface
peptides
- GH
- insulin
- epinephrine
what are examples of hormones that interact inside cell
steroids
- oestrogen
- glucocorticoids
thyroxine
what is hyper and hypofucntion
hyperfunction - excess secretion
hypofunction - reduced secretion
what is debates mellitus
metabolism disorder result from deficiency of insulin or peripheral insulin resistance
what does insulin deficiency cause
hyperglycaemia
what is type 1 DM
absolute def of insulin
destroy beta cells
10% cases
what si type 2 DM
peripheral resist insulin
inadequate beta response
80-90% cases
what are the complications of acute DM
coma
diabetic keto-acidosis
what are some complications with chronic DM
microvascular disease
- atheroma
microangiopathy
intracellular hyperglycaemia
what are key mediators of chronic hyperglycaemia
advanced glycation end products
what are advanced glycation end products
- non enzyme mod of intra/extra cell proteins
- abnormal matrix
- reisst proteolysis and can trap other mols
- bind to receps on endothelial cells
- promote atherogenesis and microangiopathy
what are types of microangiopahty
neuorpahy
retinopathy
neuropathy
what is nephropathy
Glomerulosclerosis
- diffuse
- nodular
infection
what is retinopathy
cataract ad glaucoma
what is neurotpahty
senroimotor
autonomic
what are some assc infection fro DM
much cutaneous infections
TB
pneumonia
ORAL CANDIDA
what is assc with secondary hypertension
adrenocorticol hyperfunction
phaeochromocytoma
what is adrenocorticol hyper function
cushing
conns
tumour
hyperplasia
what is phaechromocytoa
adrenal medullary tumour
what is cushing disease
central obesity osteoporosis hypertension diabetic poor wound heal risk infection
what is addison
chronic adrenocroticol insufficiency autoimmune infection tumours skin hyperpgemnetation
what are some serious symptoms of addison
dec mineralcorticids
dc glucocorticoids
crisis
what are some embryological abnormalities of the thyroid glands
dev from evag of pharyngeal epi from foramen caecum - fail to descent -excessive decsent thyroglosal duct cyst
what is papillary carcinoma
thyroid cancer
solitary nodule
lymph node metastasis
who dos papillary carcinoma present
lesion thyroid gland local effects - hoarse - cough - dysphagia
what are parathyroid glands
usually 4
vary position
-chief cells = PTH
- oxyphil cells
what are some kinds of parathyroid disease
hyper/hypo-parathyroidism
hyper/hypo-calcaemia
clinical features of hyperparathyroidism
bone disease nephrolithiasis GI complications CNS Neuromuscular CVS
what does hypoparathyroidism lead o
tetnay dental abnormalities - fail to erupt - dental hypoplasia - abraded carious teeth
what does ant pit sec
trophic
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
no trophic
- GH
- prolactin
what does post pit sec
ADH and oxytocin
