Disorders of Growth & Neoplasia Flashcards by Charlotte Smith

what si the size of the cell population determined by

rates of cell proliferation, diff and death by apoptosis

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what is tissue homeostasis between

cell loss and cell division

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cell numbers can be altered by increase or decrease rates of…..

stem cell input by cell death due to apoptosis/prolif/diff

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what is the cll cycle controlled by

stimulators and inhibitors

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what can growth result from in the cell cycle

shortening cell cycle time

recruit cells from rest or quiescent pops

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the cell cycle stages

G1
S
G2
M

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what is the principle task of cell div

replicate DNA and segregate the duplicated chromosomal DNA equally to two daughter cells

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what causes the cell cycle initiation response

response to growth stimulation commitment and restriction in G1

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terminally diff cells are not capable of

replicating

eg myocytes

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where are cells diff normally quiescent and prolif when needed

liver/kidney

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where are ells terminally diff, short lived and incapable of replicating but may be replaced by stem cells

epithelia of mouth
gut
skin

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how is apoptosis controlled

inhibitors
inducers
molecular mediators and regulators

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where is increased apoptosis seen

AIDS

neurodegen disorder

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when is there a decreased apoptosis

neoplasia

auto immune disease

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name some disorders of growth and neoplasia

hypertrophy 
hyperplasia
atrophy
hypoplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia

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what is hypertrophy

increase cell size
physiological and pathological
in muscle - skeletal and cardiac

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what is hyperplasia

increase cell num
physic and patho
hormonally sensitive organs - endometrium,breast and thyroid

what is hyperplasia like in th mouth

enlarge gingival tissues
repsond in epi and underly CT
causes - drugs and other

what is atrophy

reduce cell size by loss cell substance
many cause
physic and patho

what is thought to have an effect on atrophy

ageing

lack use and stimulation - mechanical and functional

what is hypoplasia

reduced size of organ that never fully developed to normal size
development defect

what is an example of hypoplasia

pulmonary hypoplaia

what is a metaplasia

reversible change which adult cell type replaced by another adult cel type

what can metaplasia be a response to

adaptive response to stress

what does metaplasia do to stem cells

reprogram

give some examples of sites where there is metaplasia

barretts oesophagus, cervix, bronchus salivary ducts mesenchymal tissues

except for hypoplasa what are the rest of the disorders

potentially reversible

what is dysplasia

disordered grwoth

explain dysplasia features

pre-malignant process | squamous and glandular epi

with dysplasia what are the alteration

architecture maturation differentiation

what is the pre invasive disease

diff degree of dysplasia (mild, mod, severe) | progress to malignancy

when is the dysplasia classified as malignant

increase nuclear size and into base mem

what is neoplasia

new growth | abnormal mass persists excessive manner after cessation of stimuli that evoked change

what does neoplasia result from

abberation of the normal mech that control cell number | cell prod and prolif

what are most tumour

monoclonal - all cells in tumour arise form one parent cell produce progeny

what are the two types of tumour

benign | malignant

what is epidemiology

study of distribution of diseases in diff pops over time

what is incidence

number of new case

what is prevalence

number of existing cases

what are some epidemiology linked to cancer

``` age sex culture hobbies geographical location family history medical history diet smoking ```

what are some major risk factors of oral cancer

``` smoking alcohol betel/areca nut immunosuppression previous oral cancer ```

what are some other risk factors of oral cancer

``` oral lesion - leukoplakia diet sun expo unknown ```