Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia 2/3 Flashcards
what re the classificaton of tumours
behaviour
histogeneis
what are the types of behaviour
benign
malignant
what is the growth pattern of bening
expand and remain local
well circumscribed
often encapsulated
what is the growth rate of benign
slow
what are clinical effects of benign
local pressure effects
effect hormone sec
what si the treatment of benign
local excision
what is an example of a benign tumour
at parotid
pleomorphic adenoma
what si the histology of benign
resembles tissue of origin
what is the nuclei of benign
small
regular
uniform
what is the mitosis of benign
few
normal
what si growth pattern of maliganant
infiltrate locally
metastasise - spread to distant sites
what is the rate of growth malignant
faster
what is clinical effects of malignant
local pressure
destruction
inappropriate hormone sec
distant metastasise
what is treatment of malignant
excision and additional therapy if metastases
what is histology malignant
vary
differ in tissue origin
what is nuclei of malignant
larger
pleomorphic
what is mitoses like in malignant
numerous
include abnormal forms
how can tumours furthe be classified
according to cell type they resemble (differentiation) - most resemble tissue of origin
covering epi as tissue of origin has
benign - papilloma
malignant - carcinoma
glandular epi as tissue of origin has
benign - adenoma
malignant - adenocarcinoma
adipose as tissue of irgin
B - lipoma
M - liposarcoma
fibrous as tissue origin
B - fibroma
M - fibrosarcoma
blood vessels as tissue origin
B - haemangioma
M - angiosarcoma
bone forming as tissue origin
B - osteoma
M - osteosarcoma
cart as tissue origin
B - chondroma
M - shondrosarcoma
what are some tissues that only really have malignant
lymphoid (LYMPHOMA) haemopoetic (LEUKAEMIA) glial cells melanocytes mesothelium germ cells
some highly malignant tumours may be
undifferentiated
do not show any definite from of differnetiation
do all tumours act the same
diff tumur bahvae diff
not all malignant are equally malignant
what does prognosis mean
prediction of probable outcome of disease
appropriate treatment an estimate survival
what are the stages of dance prognosis
tumour type tumour grade (histology) tumour stage (hist, clinical, radiological) Pt and tumour
what si considered when looking at tumour type
the course of action
fundamental differences (carcinoma vs sarcoma)
odd tumours
treatments
give an example of a speed of a tumour
adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland
perineurial spread
CN VII palsy
what des tumour type influence
how pt investigated, treated and monitored
what is taken into mind when aggressive vs indolent tumour
may need to treat tissue before diagnosis
risk
aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable
what are some tumour types
small cell lung cancer
pancreatic cancer
oesophageal cancer
malignant mesothelioma
what is the tumour grade
degree of malignancy
usually correlates well wth pt survival
prognosis declines with
well diff to poor diff
well diff = better prognosis
what is oral cancer
squamous cell carcinoma graded by degree of diff
how are tumour cells described
squamous with prickles or kerayiinised
what is tumour stage
how advanced tumour is
- clinical exam
- radiology
- other investigations
what si the system used to describe stages
TNM system
T = greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded
N = lymph node status
M = metastasis
what does tumour stage correlate well with
outcome in most tumour types
in general high stage = poorer prognosis
what are key elements in cancer development
tumour growth
angiogenesis
invasion and metastasis
what are the components of tumour growth
replication
escape from senescence
evasion of apoptosis
limitless replicative potential
what is angiogenesis
blood supply of tumour needing to support all these extra cells
what are the components of neoplasm
neoplastic cells blood vessels inflammatory cells fibroblasts stroma
what are some inflam cells
macrophages
lymphocytes
polymorphs
what si the term to describe neoplastic cels
monoclonal
all derived from a single common ancestor
development of a cancer is a ….. process
multistep
what happens for invasive cancer
DYSPLASIA TO MALIGANACY
why si dysplasia
pre malignant process
mild/mod/severe
not invasive until break barrier
can benign progress to malignant
yes
multi step theory carcinogensis
what are some factors of invasive grwoth
receptors for CT - laminin proteolytic enzymes - collagenases adhesion mol amoeboid movement altered cell div and apoptosis - pressure of growth
what is invasive growth
migration of cells that have detached from primary tumour mass
what ar some single cells of invasive growth
mesenchymal migration - proteolysis
amoeboid move - utilise defects
what are some group cells of invasive growth
need cell cell adhesion
in well diff carcinomas
heterogeneous sets of cells invade together
wat is the tumor strom
demoplasia vary fibro CT assc with malignant tim by invasive firm
development of a cancer needs
sustain of mass of tumour cells
wha is angiogenesis
form new blood vessels
abnormal
from endothelial cells from post cap venues to tumour mass
what is the stimulus for angiogenesis influenced by
VEGF
FGF
angiogenin
inhibit by anticancer therapy
do tumours need as much nutrients and oxygen as other cells
no
what is metastasis
tumour implants that are discontinuous with primary lesion
secondly
non random
what are some common sites for metatstsasi
regional lymph nodes lung bone liver brin skin breast
what is lymphatic route metatstasi
carcinoma
what is hematogenous route of mettsais
sarcoma
how does metatsstais move across body
serous cavs
meninges
ventricles
