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Pathology > Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia 2/3 > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what re the classificaton of tumours

A

behaviour

histogeneis

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2
Q

what are the types of behaviour

A

benign

malignant

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3
Q

what is the growth pattern of bening

A

expand and remain local
well circumscribed
often encapsulated

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4
Q

what is the growth rate of benign

A

slow

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5
Q

what are clinical effects of benign

A

local pressure effects

effect hormone sec

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6
Q

what si the treatment of benign

A

local excision

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7
Q

what is an example of a benign tumour

A

at parotid

pleomorphic adenoma

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8
Q

what si the histology of benign

A

resembles tissue of origin

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9
Q

what is the nuclei of benign

A

small
regular
uniform

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10
Q

what is the mitosis of benign

A

few

normal

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11
Q

what si growth pattern of maliganant

A

infiltrate locally

metastasise - spread to distant sites

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12
Q

what is the rate of growth malignant

A

faster

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13
Q

what is clinical effects of malignant

A

local pressure
destruction
inappropriate hormone sec
distant metastasise

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14
Q

what is treatment of malignant

A

excision and additional therapy if metastases

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15
Q

what is histology malignant

A

vary

differ in tissue origin

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16
Q

what is nuclei of malignant

A

larger

pleomorphic

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17
Q

what is mitoses like in malignant

A

numerous

include abnormal forms

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18
Q

how can tumours furthe be classified

A

according to cell type they resemble (differentiation) - most resemble tissue of origin

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19
Q

covering epi as tissue of origin has

A

benign - papilloma

malignant - carcinoma

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20
Q

glandular epi as tissue of origin has

A

benign - adenoma

malignant - adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

adipose as tissue of irgin

A

B - lipoma

M - liposarcoma

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22
Q

fibrous as tissue origin

A

B - fibroma

M - fibrosarcoma

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23
Q

blood vessels as tissue origin

A

B - haemangioma

M - angiosarcoma

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24
Q

bone forming as tissue origin

A

B - osteoma

M - osteosarcoma

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25
cart as tissue origin
B - chondroma | M - shondrosarcoma
26
what are some tissues that only really have malignant
``` lymphoid (LYMPHOMA) haemopoetic (LEUKAEMIA) glial cells melanocytes mesothelium germ cells ```
27
some highly malignant tumours may be
undifferentiated | do not show any definite from of differnetiation
28
do all tumours act the same
diff tumur bahvae diff | not all malignant are equally malignant
29
what does prognosis mean
prediction of probable outcome of disease | appropriate treatment an estimate survival
30
what are the stages of dance prognosis
``` tumour type tumour grade (histology) tumour stage (hist, clinical, radiological) Pt and tumour ```
31
what si considered when looking at tumour type
the course of action fundamental differences (carcinoma vs sarcoma) odd tumours treatments
32
give an example of a speed of a tumour
adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland perineurial spread CN VII palsy
33
what des tumour type influence
how pt investigated, treated and monitored
34
what is taken into mind when aggressive vs indolent tumour
may need to treat tissue before diagnosis risk aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable
35
what are some tumour types
small cell lung cancer pancreatic cancer oesophageal cancer malignant mesothelioma
36
what is the tumour grade
degree of malignancy | usually correlates well wth pt survival
37
prognosis declines with
well diff to poor diff | well diff = better prognosis
38
what is oral cancer
squamous cell carcinoma graded by degree of diff
39
how are tumour cells described
squamous with prickles or kerayiinised
40
what is tumour stage
how advanced tumour is - clinical exam - radiology - other investigations
41
what si the system used to describe stages
TNM system T = greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded N = lymph node status M = metastasis
42
what does tumour stage correlate well with
outcome in most tumour types | in general high stage = poorer prognosis
43
what are key elements in cancer development
tumour growth angiogenesis invasion and metastasis
44
what are the components of tumour growth
replication escape from senescence evasion of apoptosis limitless replicative potential
45
what is angiogenesis
blood supply of tumour needing to support all these extra cells
46
what are the components of neoplasm
``` neoplastic cells blood vessels inflammatory cells fibroblasts stroma ```
47
what are some inflam cells
macrophages lymphocytes polymorphs
48
what si the term to describe neoplastic cels
monoclonal | all derived from a single common ancestor
49
development of a cancer is a ..... process
multistep
50
what happens for invasive cancer
DYSPLASIA TO MALIGANACY
51
why si dysplasia
pre malignant process mild/mod/severe not invasive until break barrier
52
can benign progress to malignant
yes | multi step theory carcinogensis
53
what are some factors of invasive grwoth
``` receptors for CT - laminin proteolytic enzymes - collagenases adhesion mol amoeboid movement altered cell div and apoptosis - pressure of growth ```
54
what is invasive growth
migration of cells that have detached from primary tumour mass
55
what ar some single cells of invasive growth
mesenchymal migration - proteolysis | amoeboid move - utilise defects
56
what are some group cells of invasive growth
need cell cell adhesion in well diff carcinomas heterogeneous sets of cells invade together
57
wat is the tumor strom
``` demoplasia vary fibro CT assc with malignant tim by invasive firm ```
58
development of a cancer needs
sustain of mass of tumour cells
59
wha is angiogenesis
form new blood vessels abnormal from endothelial cells from post cap venues to tumour mass
60
what is the stimulus for angiogenesis influenced by
VEGF FGF angiogenin inhibit by anticancer therapy
61
do tumours need as much nutrients and oxygen as other cells
no
62
what is metastasis
tumour implants that are discontinuous with primary lesion secondly non random
63
what are some common sites for metatstsasi
``` regional lymph nodes lung bone liver brin skin breast ```
64
what is lymphatic route metatstasi
carcinoma
65
what is hematogenous route of mettsais
sarcoma
66
how does metatsstais move across body
serous cavs meninges ventricles

Pathology (13 decks)

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