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Pathology > Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia 2/3 > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what re the classificaton of tumours

A

behaviour

histogeneis

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2
Q

what are the types of behaviour

A

benign

malignant

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3
Q

what is the growth pattern of bening

A

expand and remain local
well circumscribed
often encapsulated

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4
Q

what is the growth rate of benign

A

slow

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5
Q

what are clinical effects of benign

A

local pressure effects

effect hormone sec

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6
Q

what si the treatment of benign

A

local excision

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7
Q

what is an example of a benign tumour

A

at parotid

pleomorphic adenoma

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8
Q

what si the histology of benign

A

resembles tissue of origin

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9
Q

what is the nuclei of benign

A

small
regular
uniform

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10
Q

what is the mitosis of benign

A

few

normal

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11
Q

what si growth pattern of maliganant

A

infiltrate locally

metastasise - spread to distant sites

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12
Q

what is the rate of growth malignant

A

faster

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13
Q

what is clinical effects of malignant

A

local pressure
destruction
inappropriate hormone sec
distant metastasise

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14
Q

what is treatment of malignant

A

excision and additional therapy if metastases

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15
Q

what is histology malignant

A

vary

differ in tissue origin

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16
Q

what is nuclei of malignant

A

larger

pleomorphic

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17
Q

what is mitoses like in malignant

A

numerous

include abnormal forms

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18
Q

how can tumours furthe be classified

A

according to cell type they resemble (differentiation) - most resemble tissue of origin

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19
Q

covering epi as tissue of origin has

A

benign - papilloma

malignant - carcinoma

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20
Q

glandular epi as tissue of origin has

A

benign - adenoma

malignant - adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

adipose as tissue of irgin

A

B - lipoma

M - liposarcoma

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22
Q

fibrous as tissue origin

A

B - fibroma

M - fibrosarcoma

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23
Q

blood vessels as tissue origin

A

B - haemangioma

M - angiosarcoma

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24
Q

bone forming as tissue origin

A

B - osteoma

M - osteosarcoma

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25
Q

cart as tissue origin

A

B - chondroma

M - shondrosarcoma

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26
Q

what are some tissues that only really have malignant

A 
lymphoid (LYMPHOMA)
haemopoetic (LEUKAEMIA)
glial cells 
melanocytes
mesothelium 
germ cells
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27
Q

some highly malignant tumours may be

A

undifferentiated

do not show any definite from of differnetiation

28
Q

do all tumours act the same

A

diff tumur bahvae diff

not all malignant are equally malignant

29
Q

what does prognosis mean

A

prediction of probable outcome of disease

appropriate treatment an estimate survival

30
Q

what are the stages of dance prognosis

A 
tumour type
tumour grade (histology)
tumour stage (hist, clinical, radiological)
Pt and tumour
31
Q

what si considered when looking at tumour type

A

the course of action
fundamental differences (carcinoma vs sarcoma)
odd tumours
treatments

32
Q

give an example of a speed of a tumour

A

adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland

perineurial spread

CN VII palsy

33
Q

what des tumour type influence

A

how pt investigated, treated and monitored

34
Q

what is taken into mind when aggressive vs indolent tumour

A

may need to treat tissue before diagnosis
risk
aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable

35
Q

what are some tumour types

A

small cell lung cancer
pancreatic cancer
oesophageal cancer
malignant mesothelioma

36
Q

what is the tumour grade

A

degree of malignancy

usually correlates well wth pt survival

37
Q

prognosis declines with

A

well diff to poor diff

well diff = better prognosis

38
Q

what is oral cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma graded by degree of diff

39
Q

how are tumour cells described

A

squamous with prickles or kerayiinised

40
Q

what is tumour stage

A

how advanced tumour is

  • clinical exam
  • radiology
  • other investigations
41
Q

what si the system used to describe stages

A

TNM system
T = greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded
N = lymph node status
M = metastasis

42
Q

what does tumour stage correlate well with

A

outcome in most tumour types

in general high stage = poorer prognosis

43
Q

what are key elements in cancer development

A

tumour growth
angiogenesis
invasion and metastasis

44
Q

what are the components of tumour growth

A

replication
escape from senescence
evasion of apoptosis
limitless replicative potential

45
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

blood supply of tumour needing to support all these extra cells

46
Q

what are the components of neoplasm

A 
neoplastic cells 
blood vessels 
inflammatory cells 
fibroblasts 
stroma
47
Q

what are some inflam cells

A

macrophages
lymphocytes
polymorphs

48
Q

what si the term to describe neoplastic cels

A

monoclonal

all derived from a single common ancestor

49
Q

development of a cancer is a ….. process

A

multistep

50
Q

what happens for invasive cancer

A

DYSPLASIA TO MALIGANACY

51
Q

why si dysplasia

A

pre malignant process
mild/mod/severe
not invasive until break barrier

52
Q

can benign progress to malignant

A

yes

multi step theory carcinogensis

53
Q

what are some factors of invasive grwoth

A 
receptors for CT - laminin
proteolytic enzymes - collagenases 
adhesion mol
amoeboid movement
altered cell div and apoptosis - pressure of growth
54
Q

what is invasive growth

A

migration of cells that have detached from primary tumour mass

55
Q

what ar some single cells of invasive growth

A

mesenchymal migration - proteolysis

amoeboid move - utilise defects

56
Q

what are some group cells of invasive growth

A

need cell cell adhesion
in well diff carcinomas
heterogeneous sets of cells invade together

57
Q

wat is the tumor strom

A 
demoplasia
vary
fibro CT  assc with malignant 
tim by invasive 
firm
58
Q

development of a cancer needs

A

sustain of mass of tumour cells

59
Q

wha is angiogenesis

A

form new blood vessels
abnormal
from endothelial cells from post cap venues to tumour mass

60
Q

what is the stimulus for angiogenesis influenced by

A

VEGF
FGF
angiogenin
inhibit by anticancer therapy

61
Q

do tumours need as much nutrients and oxygen as other cells

A

no

62
Q

what is metastasis

A

tumour implants that are discontinuous with primary lesion
secondly
non random

63
Q

what are some common sites for metatstsasi

A 
regional lymph nodes
lung 
bone 
liver
brin 
skin 
breast
64
Q

what is lymphatic route metatstasi

A

carcinoma

65
Q

what is hematogenous route of mettsais

A

sarcoma

66
Q

how does metatsstais move across body

A

serous cavs
meninges
ventricles

Pathology (13 decks)

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