Acute Inflammation 1

Question 1

What tissue does inflam occur

Answer 1

In vascularised ue

Question 2

What does inflam aim to do

Answer 2

Destroy dilute wall off injurious agent

Question 3

What kind of repsonse is inflammation

Answer 3

Primarily protectionn

Question 4

What would happen without inflammation

Answer 4

Woudns wouldn’t heal
Injured organs might remain permanet festering sores
Infectious Wouk,d go unchecked

Question 5

How can inflammation be harmful

Answer 5

Life threatening hypersensitivity
Chronic hi diseases (rheumatoid arthritis)
Renoir by fibrosis lead to disfiguring scars

Question 6

What are the two types of inflammation

Answer 6

Acute and chornic

Question 7

What’s is acute inflammation

Answer 7

The initial and often transient serious of tissue reactions to injury

Question 8

What su chronic inflammation

Answer 8

The subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following initial response

Question 9

What can cause acute inflam

Answer 9

Microbial infections - viruses, bac

Hypersensitivity reactions - inappropriate or excessive immune reaction which damages tissue incl parasites

Physical agents - physical trauma

Irritant or corrosive chess

Foreign bodies

Question 10

Why does inflam have redness

Answer 10

Rub or acutely inflames tissue is red as blood vessels dilated in damaged area

Question 11

Why is inflam heat

Answer 11

Increase temp of tissue due to increased blood flow through region hyperaemia

Question 12

Why does inflammation swell

Answer 12

Tumor

Results form accumulation of fluid in extravascylar space - fluid exudate

Question 13

Why is there pain with inflam

Answer 13

Dollar
Due to stretching and distortion of tissues caused by increased fluids - various chem mediators including bradykinin known to prod pain

Question 14

Why dos inflam cause loss of function

Answer 14

Movement of inflame area is consciously and reflexly inhib by pain
Severe pain may immobilise limbs

Question 15

Explain the vascular phase

Answer 15

Vascular dilation opening of precap sphincter

Also endothelial cells lining arterioles increased perm and form flid exudate

Question 16

What is the net increase in extravascylar fluid called

Answer 16

Oedema

Question 17

What is in fluid exudate and why

Answer 17

Immunoglobulins -imp for destruction of foreign bodies

Fibrinogen - becomes fibrin when comes in contact with ECm

Question 18

What continually sholens to the exudate

Answer 18

Removed and replaced by lymphatics and new exudate formed

Question 19

What brings about incised vascular perm

Answer 19

Bradykinin histamine - immediate transient
Severe direct vasc injury - immediate sustained
Endothelial cell injury - delayed prolonged

Question 20

What so the diagnostic feature of acute inflam

Answer 20

Neutrophils accumulation in ecm

Question 21

What are the functions of neutrophils

Answer 21

Kill micoro orgas 
Ingest offending agents
Degrade necrotic tissue 
Produce chem mediators 
Prod toxic oxygen radicals 
Prod tissue damaging enzymes

Question 22

How does a neutrophil each the site of an inflam response

Answer 22

Many ways

Adhesion to leukocytes to endothelial cells and subsequent migration Thor endothelium

Question 23

What is margination

Answer 23

Loss of intra vasc fluid and inc plasma visc slows allowing neurohils flow in plasma tic zone which Is margination
ONLY IN VENULES

Question 24

What so adhesion

Answer 24

Increased neurohils adhesion results from between interaction of adhesion mol on its surface and endothelial surface

Question 25

What is transendothelial migration

Answer 25

Once adhesion occurred Neurohils insert pseudopodia into junctions between endothelial cells Then cross base mem and into extravascylar space

Question 26

What are some predominat molecules in migration

Answer 26

Increased selectins on endo Loose rolling adhesion between selectins and their recep leukocyte Firm adhesion between integrins on leucocyte and ICAM1 on endo cell Transmigration mediated by ICAM1, integrins and PECAM1

Question 27

What increases lucocyte adhesion molecule expression

Answer 27

Complement component ca Leukotriene b4 Tumour necrosis factor

Question 28

What increases the endothelial cell expression for adhesion of other things such as neutrophils and other leukocytes

Answer 28

IL1 Endotoxins Tumour Necrosis factor

Question 29

How do neurohils find site of inflam stimulus

Answer 29

By chemo taxis - locomotion orientated along conc grad

Question 30

What are chemotactic compounds for neutrophils

Answer 30

Bac prods Complement comps Cytokines Products produced by neutrophils themselves

Question 31

What happens when chemotactic agent attaches to neutrophil

Answer 31

Release for intracellular calcium | Influx of extracellular calcium

Question 32

What does increased cytosol if calcium tigger

Answer 32

Assembly of contractile proteins responsible for cell movement

Question 33

What are the chemical be released form the inflam site called

Answer 33

Endogenous

Question 34

What can these endogenous chms cause

Answer 34

``` Vasodilation Emigration of neutrophils Chemotaxis Increased vasc perm Itching and pain ```

Question 35

What does histamine do for inflammation

Answer 35

Vasc dilation Transient inc in vasc perm Released by mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and platelets Release stim by c3a c5a and lysosomal proteins

Question 36

How do lysosomal compounds affect inflammation

Answer 36

Released form neurohils | May increase vasc perm

Question 37

What does serotonin do for inflam

Answer 37

Inc vasc perm

Question 38

What doe chemekines do in inflam

Answer 38

Proteins which attacks of leucocyte to sit of inflam | Various chemekines bind to scm component setting up a gradient of chemotactic mols fixed to ECm

Question 39

What do leukotripenes do in inflam

Answer 39

Syn by arachnoid acid especially by neurohils Vasoactive properties Involved in type 1 hypersensitivity

Question 40

What do prostaglandins do in inflam

Answer 40

Fatty acid syn Inc vasc perm Stim platelet aggregation

Question 41

Plasma contains what four enzyme cascades which mediate aspects of inflam in addition to other factors

Answer 41

Complement syst Kinin syst Coagulation syst Fibrinolytic system

Question 42

What causes complement activation

Answer 42

Enzymes released form dying cells Antigen-antibody complexes Products of kin in, coag and fibrinolytic systems Bac endotoxins

Question 43

What hallens as a result of complement activation

Answer 43

Opsonisation of pathogens (phagocytosis) Increase vasc perm Recruit inflam cells Histamine see lease from mast cells vasodilation

Question 44

What does the kinin syst gen

Answer 44

Vasoactive peptides form plasma proteins called kininogens by action of specific kallikreins

Question 45

What activates the kinin syst

Answer 45

Coag factor 12 leads to form of kinins such as bradykinin

Question 46

What's does bradykinin cause

Answer 46

Increased vasc perm Arteriolar dilatation Smooth muscle contraction Pain

Question 47

What does the coag system do

Answer 47

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 48

What is fibrin

Answer 48

Component of acute inflam infiltrate

Question 49

What dos the fibrinolytic syst do

Answer 49

Counterbalance coag syst as plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen to give plasmin

Question 50

What is plasmin responsible for

Answer 50

Lysis of fibrin into fibrin degradation prods which increase vasc perm

Question 51

What's inflammation. A response to

Answer 51

Tissue injury