Hypertension in Adults Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with hypertension in adults?
Often asymptomatic. History of elevated blood pressure readings. Possible family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease.
What are the key physical examination findings in hypertension in adults?
Elevated blood pressure readings on multiple occasions. Possible retinal changes: arteriolar narrowing, AV nicking, hemorrhages. Evidence of target organ damage: left ventricular hypertrophy, renal impairment.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing hypertension in adults?
Blood pressure measurement on multiple occasions. Blood tests: lipid profile, renal function, electrolytes. ECG to assess for cardiac complications.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for hypertension in adults?
Lifestyle modifications: healthy diet, regular exercise, weight loss. Reduction in sodium intake. Limitation of alcohol and cessation of smoking.
What are the pharmacological management options for hypertension in adults?
Antihypertensive medications: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics. Combination therapy if needed to achieve target blood pressure.
What are the red flags to look for in hypertension in adults patients?
Severe hypertension: blood pressure >180/120 mmHg. Signs of hypertensive emergency: headache, visual changes, chest pain, shortness of breath. Evidence of target organ damage.
When should a patient with hypertension in adults be referred to a specialist?
Refractory hypertension not responding to standard treatment. Suspected secondary hypertension (e.g., renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma). Need for specialized diagnostic evaluation or treatment.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to hypertension in adults?
Chronic elevation of blood pressure due to increased systemic vascular resistance and/or increased cardiac output. Leads to target organ damage if untreated.
