Heart Failure Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with heart failure?
Shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs. History of coronary artery disease, hypertension, or previous myocardial infarction. Possible weight gain from fluid retention.
What are the key physical examination findings in heart failure?
Elevated jugular venous pressure, peripheral edema, and pulmonary crackles. Displaced apical impulse, S3 or S4 heart sounds. Hepatomegaly and ascites in advanced cases.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing heart failure?
Echocardiogram to assess ejection fraction and ventricular function. Chest X-ray to evaluate heart size and pulmonary congestion. Blood tests: BNP, electrolytes, renal function.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for heart failure?
Lifestyle modifications: low-sodium diet, regular exercise, weight management. Fluid restriction and monitoring daily weights. Smoking cessation and limiting alcohol intake.
What are the pharmacological management options for heart failure?
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Aldosterone antagonists for advanced heart failure. Digoxin for symptom control. Consideration of devices: ICD, CRT.
What are the red flags to look for in heart failure patients?
Rapidly worsening shortness of breath or chest pain. Signs of acute decompensation: severe dyspnea, frothy sputum, cyanosis. Evidence of end-organ hypoperfusion: confusion, cold extremities.
When should a patient with heart failure be referred to a specialist?
Refractory heart failure not responding to standard treatment. Consideration for advanced therapies: LVAD, heart transplant. Need for specialized cardiology evaluation.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to heart failure?
Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. Can result from systolic dysfunction (reduced ejection fraction) or diastolic dysfunction (preserved ejection fraction).
