Arrhythmias Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with arrhythmias?
Palpitations, dizziness, or syncope. History of structural heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, or stimulant use. Possible episodes of chest pain or shortness of breath.
What are the key physical examination findings in arrhythmias?
Irregular pulse, varying heart rate. Hypotension or signs of poor perfusion. Possible signs of underlying heart disease: murmurs, jugular venous distention.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing arrhythmias?
ECG to identify type and severity of arrhythmia. Holter monitor or event monitor for intermittent symptoms. Blood tests: electrolytes, thyroid function.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for arrhythmias?
Avoidance of caffeine, alcohol, and other stimulants. Stress management and regular physical activity. Educate on recognizing symptoms and when to seek medical help.
What are the pharmacological management options for arrhythmias?
Antiarrhythmic medications (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, amiodarone). Anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation to prevent thromboembolism. Electrical cardioversion or ablation for refractory cases.
What are the red flags to look for in arrhythmias patients?
Severe or persistent symptoms: syncope, chest pain, severe shortness of breath. Rapid heart rate >150 bpm or very slow heart rate <40 bpm. Evidence of hemodynamic instability.
When should a patient with arrhythmias be referred to a specialist?
Refractory or severe arrhythmias not responding to initial treatment. Consideration for advanced therapies: pacemaker, ICD, ablation. Need for specialized electrophysiology evaluation.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to arrhythmias?
Abnormal heart rhythms resulting from issues with the electrical conduction system of the heart. Can lead to ineffective heart pumping and reduced blood flow to the body.
