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RESP > Hypersensitivity 1 > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity disorders?

A

I- Immediate hypersensitivity
II- Direct cell killing
III- Immune complex mediated
IV- Delayed hypersensitivity

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2
Q

Allergic responses are Type _ disease.

A

I

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3
Q

An allergic reaction is an _ mediated response to an allergen.

A

IgE

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4
Q

Examples of some common allergies. (4)

A
  1. Allergic triad- asthma, eczema, rhinitis
  2. Urticaria
  3. Angioedema
  4. Food, drugs
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5
Q

Why is the prevalence of allergic disease on the rise?

DONT Memorise

A

Westernised countries- improved sanitation & vaccination, children have lower exposure to common pathogens.

More likely to develop allergic disease

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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of allergic reactions? (4)

A
  1. Production of specific IgE directed against allergen
  2. IgE-allergen complex binds to mast cells via Fc receptors
  3. Degranulation of mast cells
  4. Release of pre-formed and newly synthesised inflammatory molecules eg histamine and leukotrienes
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7
Q

Allergic reactions occur within minutes to a couple of hours. T/F?

A

True

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8
Q

Clinical presentation of allergic diseases? (8)

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Urticaria
  3. Hay fever
  4. Angioedema
  5. Anaphylaxis
  6. Rhinits
  7. Conjuctivitis
  8. Diarrhoea vomiting
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9
Q

Some common allergens? (6)

A
  1. Pollen
  2. Dust mite
  3. Animal dander
  4. Nuts
  5. Drugs
  6. Venom
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10
Q

Upon activation, what do mast cells release?

A
  1. Preformed- Histaimen, tryptase, heparin

2. Synthesised on demand- leukotrienes, cytokines (IL4, TNF), prostaglandins

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11
Q

IgE antibodies bind to mast cells via _ receptors.

A

Fc

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12
Q

Mast cell release is primarily seen in the first exposure to the allergen. T/F?

A

False- Re-exposure triggers mast cell release

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13
Q

What is angioedema?

A

Self limiting localised swelling of tissue under submucosal membrane

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14
Q

What are the two types of oedema useful in clinical examination?

A

Pitting and non pitting

Pitting- indentation of an area remains after releasing applied pressure

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15
Q

Spontaneous mast cell degranulation is an example of an IgE mediated allergic reaction. T/F?

A

False- non IgE mediated

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16
Q

What are some examples of non IgE allergic reactions?

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Thyroid disease
  3. Physical urticaria (response to heat & pressure)
17
Q

A common drug that can induce asthma in a a fifth of asthmatics is _.

A

Aspirin & other NSAIDS like ibuprofen

18
Q

What specific investigations are useful for allergic diseases?

A
  1. Skin prick test. (gold standard)
  2. Quantitate specific IgE to specific allergen
  3. Challenge test- supervised exposure to putative allergen.

If acute anaphylactic reaction- check serum mast cell tryptase levels

19
Q

What is quantitive IgE test?

A

Measures amount of IgE in serum directed against a specific allergen

20
Q

Rise in tryptase levels occur in both anaphylactic and local reactions. T/F?

A

False- only anaphylaxis

21
Q

What are the different management options for IgE mediated allergies?

A
  1. Targeted avoidance
  2. Block mast cell activation
  3. Prevent effects of mast cell activation
  4. Anti-inflammatories
  5. Anaphylaxis management
  6. Immunotherapy
22
Q

Sodium cromoglycate is an exampe of?

A

Mast cell stabiliser- blocks its activation.

Used as a spray

23
Q

What are the two drug classes that prevent the effects of mast cell activation?

A
  1. Anti-histamines
  2. Luekotriene receptor antagonist- blocks effects of leukotrienes produced by mast cells after activation. Eg Montelukast
24
Q

Example of anti-inflammatories?

A

Corticosteroids

25
Q

How do you treat anaphylaxis?

A
  1. Self administered adrenaline- arterial vasoconstriction (increased BP, reduced permeability) but bronchial dilation relaxing airways
26
Q

What does immunotherapy involve?

A

Controlled slow steady exposure to allergen

RESP (25 decks)

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