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Endocrinology > Hypercalcemia + Hypocalcemia > Flashcards

Hypercalcemia + Hypocalcemia Flashcards

1
Q

What causes hypercalcemia?

A

Osteoclast resorption

Malignant tumour secreting too much PTH and killing oseteoblasts

Excess vitamin D

Thiazide diuretics

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2
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Slower or absent reflexes
Slow muscle contraction
Weak muscles
Constipation
Confusion
Calcium oxalate ( kidney stones)

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3
Q

Diagnosis of hypercalcemia?

A

Blood test = increase calcium
ECG:
Bradycardia
AV block
Short QT interval
Osborn wave

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4
Q

Treatment of hypercalcemia?

A

Loop diuretics stop calcium reabsorption

Glucocorticoid decrease Calcium absorption

Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclasts

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5
Q

What causes hypocalcemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism
low vitamin D
Too much excretion from body
Tissue Injury
Too much blood transfusion

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6
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Chvostek sign
Trousseav sign
Tetany
Muscle cramp
Abdominal pain

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7
Q

Diagnosing hypocalcemia?

A

Blood test = low calcium
ECG:
prolonged QT
Prolonged ST

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8
Q

treatment of hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium gluconate

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Endocrinology (15 decks)

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