Hydrograph And Fluvial Process And Features Flashcards

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1
Q

Peak flow

A

Maximum discharge to a river

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2
Q

Rising limb

A

The rising flood water in the river

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3
Q

Base flow

A

Average amount represents

The date to day discharge of river due ground floor water seeps info channel

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4
Q

Lag time

A

Time difference between the peak of rainstorm to the peak flow of the river

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5
Q

Overland flow

A

The same as surface run off water water runs over the surface as it cannot infiltrate land

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6
Q

Through flow

A

Takes place when the soil is completely saturated with water rate of water movement is slow e.g. surface run off

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7
Q

What causes a flashy hydrograph

A

Small basin
High density of water speed up water transfer
Impermeable land Leads to rapid overland flow
Urbanisation encourages rapid water transfer
Steep slopes rapid overland flow
Saturate soils causes rapid overland flow
Heavy rains exceed infiltration capacity of vegetation

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8
Q

What causes a flat hydrograph

A

Large basin and a low density of water slows down water transfer
Permeable rocks creates a slow transfer of groundwater flow
Forests causes interception
Gentle slopes slow down water transfer
Soils soke up water and slows down water transfer
Light rain falk will slow down the water transfer

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9
Q

Floodplains definition

A

An area of low lying ground adjacent to river formed by sediment from river and is proned to floods

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10
Q

Levees

A

A ride of sediments deposited naturally along banks by overflowing water

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11
Q

Estuaries

A

The tidal mouth of a large river where the tide meets the stream

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12
Q

Floodplains formation

A

When rivers flood on flood plains it slows down and deposits eroded materials that it was transporting
This builds up the floodplains

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13
Q

Meander and floodplains

A

Meanders migrate across floodplains makes it more wider

Deposition also happens on slip off slopes of meander also builds up floodplains

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14
Q

Levees are natural embankments

A

During a flood eroded materials are deposit along edge of the river channel
Heavy material are deposit close to river channel as it is the first to drop when the river slows down
This continues to create a levee

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15
Q

Examples of levee

A

New orleans

Yellow river China

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16
Q

Estuaries are tidal areas where the river meets the sea 🌊

A

Water here is tidal so the river levels changes all the time
The water floods bank of river which has sand and silt onto Valley floor
As the tide is at its highest point water slows down and deposits
This builds up as it continues

17
Q

What happens at lowest tides to the estuaries

A

The muddy banks are exposed

18
Q

What it created in estuaries

A

Mudflats e.g the Severn estuaries

19
Q

Meanders formation step one

A

The current is faster on the outside than inside of the bend as the river chanel is deeper
There s less friction to slow water down

20
Q

Meanders formation step two ✌

A

So more erosion happens to the outside bend forming river cliffs

21
Q

Meanders formation step three

A

The current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallower as there is more friction to slow the water down

22
Q

Meanders formation step four

A

So erode materials is deposited on the inside of the bend forming a slipped off slopes

23
Q

Oxbow lake step one

A

Erosion causes the inside of the bend to get closer until there is a small bit of land left between bend the neck

24
Q

Oxbow lake step two ✌

A

The river breaks through the land usually during a flood and the river slows along the shorter course

25
Q

🐂 oxbow lake step three

A

Deposition eventually cuts off the meander forming an oxbow lake

26
Q

Interlocking spurs step one

A

In the upper course of a river most erosion is vertically 👇 downwards this creates a steep sides v shapes Valley

27
Q

Interlock spurs step two ✌

A

The river are not powerful enough to erode laterally they wind 💨 around the high hillside that stick out into their paths on either side

28
Q

Interlocking spurs step three

A

The hillsides that interlock with each other as the river winds around them are called interlocking spurs

29
Q

Examples of interlock spurs

A

Rivers in Shropshire

30
Q

Waterfalls formation step one

A

River flows past hard then soft rock
Soft rock erodes due to abrasion
This create a step in river

31
Q

Waterfalls formation step two ✌

A

Erosion of soft rock continues

This becomes steep and it become a wayerfall

32
Q

Example of waterfalls

A

Victoria falls nieagra falls

33
Q

Formation of Gorges step one

A

Hard Rock is undercut by erosion this is unsupported then collapses

34
Q

Formation of Gorges step two ✌

A

These collapse rocks swirl around at foot of waterfalls where it erodes the soft rock by erosion
This creates a plunge pool 🎱

35
Q

Gorges formation step three

A

More undercutting happens causing more collapses the waterfall retreats and creates a Gorges

36
Q

Examples of Gorges

A

The grand canyon