Humanistic Existential Approaches Flashcards
What is a central focus of humanistic and existential approaches?
1) Deterministic factors shaping behaviour
2) Free will, responsibility, and present-focused awareness
3) Unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences
4) Behavioural conditioning and reinforcement
Free will, responsibility, and present-focused awareness
What distinguishes humanism from existentialism?
1) Humanism focuses on creating meaning, while existentialism focuses on self-actualisation
2) Humanism emphasises self-actualisation, while existentialism addresses human limitations
3) Existentialism rejects the importance of free will, while humanism embraces it
4) Humanism relies on phenomenology, while existentialism does not
Humanism emphasises self-actualisation, while existentialism addresses human limitations
What is a key feature of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
1) It identifies self-actualisation as the primary human drive
2) It divides needs into deficiency and growth categories
3) It prioritises unconscious drives over conscious motivations
4) It assumes that needs are universally achieved in a fixed order
It divides needs into deficiency and growth categories
What is Carl Rogers’ view of human nature?
1) Humans are inherently selfish and aggressive
2) Humans are inherently good with an actualising tendency toward growth
3) Humans are shaped solely by environmental experiences
4) Humans are driven primarily by unconscious sexual instincts
Humans are inherently good with an actualising tendency toward growth
What is the “actualising tendency” according to Rogers?
1) A biological drive limited to survival needs
2) A directional drive toward maintaining, enhancing, and fulfilling potential
3) A conscious process of overcoming external obstacles
4) A learned behaviour reinforced through environmental rewards
A directional drive toward maintaining, enhancing, and fulfilling potential
What is “organismic valuing” in Rogers’ theory?
1) Judging experiences based on external validation
2) Weighing experiences by their ability to satisfy an individual’s unique needs
3) Rejecting subjective experiences in favour of universal truths
4) Accepting conditions of worth imposed by others
Weighing experiences by their ability to satisfy an individual’s unique needs
What are “conditions of worth”?
1) External expectations that distort self-concept and diminish authenticity
2) Internal beliefs that guide self-actualisation
3) Social norms that facilitate congruence between self and experiences
4) Objective criteria for achieving personal success
External expectations that distort self-concept and diminish authenticity
What leads to maladjustment according to Rogers?
1) Excessive reliance on external support
2) Incongruence between self-concept and experiences
3) Failure to develop conditional positive regard
4) An overly flexible self-concept
Incongruence between self-concept and experiences
What is the primary goal of person-centred therapy (PCT)?
1) Correcting faulty thought patterns
2) Supporting self-actualisation by creating a therapeutic relationship
3) Teaching clients coping mechanisms for external stressors
4) Providing direct advice to achieve personal growth
Supporting self-actualisation by creating a therapeutic relationship
Which condition is NOT part of Rogers’ “necessary and sufficient conditions” for therapy?
1) Congruence or genuineness in the therapist
2) Unconditional positive regard for the client
3) Interpretation of the client’s unconscious conflicts
4) Empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference
Interpretation of the client’s unconscious conflicts
What does “congruence” mean in the context of PCT?
1) The therapist’s ability to guide the client toward growth
2) Authenticity and openness in the therapist’s interactions
3) Alignment between client and therapist goals
4) The client’s acceptance of their past experiences
Authenticity and openness in the therapist’s interactions
How does Rogers define “unconditional positive regard”?
1) Valuing the client only when they meet specific expectations
2) Accepting the client without judgement, regardless of their actions
3) Encouraging the client to adopt societal norms
4) Supporting the client’s ideal self-concept
Accepting the client without judgement, regardless of their actions
What is the role of empathy in person-centred therapy?
1) Offering solutions to the client’s problems
2) Understanding and resonating with the client’s feelings and experiences
3) Minimising the importance of the client’s subjective experiences
4) Highlighting inconsistencies in the client’s thoughts
Understanding and resonating with the client’s feelings and experiences
What did Rogers believe about the role of the therapist in PCT?
1) Therapists should focus on providing direct interventions and advice
2) Therapists should create conditions for growth and trust the actualising tendency
3) Therapists should challenge the client’s maladaptive thoughts
4) Therapists should maintain professional distance and avoid emotional involvement
Therapists should create conditions for growth and trust the actualising tendency
What is a key critique of Rogers’ approach to therapy?
1) It places too much emphasis on unconscious processes
2) The concept of actualising tendency is difficult to observe directly
3) It focuses too heavily on symptom reduction
4) It dismisses the client’s responsibility for growth
The concept of actualising tendency is difficult to observe directly
What benefit does PCT provide from a diversity perspective?
1) It imposes a universal standard for therapy
2) It values the client’s belief system without imposing a “correct” way of being
3) It requires clients to adopt Western ideals of self-actualisation
4) It focuses exclusively on individualistic cultural norms
It values the client’s belief system without imposing a “correct” way of being
What did Watson (2002) find about empathy in therapy?
1) It is the least significant factor in determining client progress
2) It is a key determinant of positive therapeutic outcomes
3) It is only effective in specific cultural contexts
4) It is secondary to unconditional positive regard
It is a key determinant of positive therapeutic outcomes
How does PCT view the source of psychological problems?
1) They result from unresolved unconscious conflicts
2) They arise from incongruence between self-concept and experience
3) They are caused by genetic predispositions
4) They stem from lack of behavioural reinforcement
They arise from incongruence between self-concept and experience
What is one strength of PCT mentioned in the document?
1) It relies on structured techniques for symptom management
2) It has precise, testable hypotheses and a strong empirical foundation
3) It avoids imposing a universal therapeutic approach
4) It provides direct advice for achieving client goals
It avoids imposing a universal therapeutic approach
What did Strauman et al. (1991) find about self-concept and anxiety?
1) A discrepancy between actual and ideal self-concept is unrelated to anxiety
2) A mismatch between self-concept and external expectations increases vulnerability to anxiety
3) Anxiety arises only from negative self-perceptions
4) Self-concept is irrelevant to emotional well-being
A mismatch between self-concept and external expectations increases vulnerability to anxiety
