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Foundation > Human Tissue > Flashcards

Human Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The four primary human tissue types are epithelial, muscle, nervous, and _____ tissue, which provides _____ support.

A

connective, structural

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2
Q

Endothelial and muscle tissue are types of _____ tissue, while connective and _____ tissue serve different functions.

A

human, epithelial

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3
Q

At conception, a fertilised egg divides to produce millions of cells, many of which become _____ to perform specific _____ .

A

specialised, functions

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4
Q

Human tissues are organised into _____, such as the heart and _____, which contain different tissue types.

A

organs, lungs

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue is also known as _____ and serves as the lining, covering, and _____ tissue of the body.

A

epithelium, glandular

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6
Q

The primary function of muscle tissue is _____, while nervous tissue is responsible for _____ .

A

movement, control

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7
Q

Connective tissue provides _____, while epithelial tissue is primarily involved in _____ .

A

support, covering

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8
Q

The structure and function of different tissues in the human body can be explained through the study of _____ and _____ tissue.

A

endothelial, muscle

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9
Q

Human tissues perform many functions, but the primary functions of epithelial tissue include _____ and _____ .

A

covering, lining

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10
Q

The levels of organisation in humans include cells, tissues, _____, and _____ .

A

organs, systems

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue is primarily responsible for ____ and ____ in the body.

A

protection, absorption

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12
Q

The apical surface of epithelial cells is the ____ edge that is ____ to the air or an organ.

A

unattached, exposed

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13
Q

Epithelial cells can be classified by their shape, including ____ and ____ types.

A

squamous, cuboidal

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14
Q

The two arrangements of epithelial cells are ____ and ____.

A

simple, stratified

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15
Q

Epithelial cells rely on ____ from underlying connective tissue for their blood supply.

A

diffusion

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16
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the ____ and the ____ of capillaries.

A

lung alveoli, walls

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17
Q

Epithelial cells are often found in ____ sheets and have a ____ surface.

A

tight, free

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18
Q

The lower surface of epithelial cells rests on a ____ membrane that is secreted by the cells.

A

basement

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19
Q

Surface epithelial cells may have features like ____ or ____ in the intestine.

A

villi, microvilli

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20
Q

Epithelial tissue functions include ____ and ____ in addition to secretion.

A

filtration, absorption

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21
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the salivary glands and _____, and it consists of one layer of _____ cells.

A

pancreas ducts,cuboidal

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22
Q

The main function of stratified epithelial cells is _____, and they are comprised of at least _____ cell layers.

A

protection,two

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23
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines most of the _____ tract, and it has cells that are of _____ heights.

A

respiratory,taller/shorter

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24
Q

Simple columnar epithelium lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the _____, and it often contains _____ cells.

A

anus,Goblet

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25
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the mouth, _____, and the outer portion of the _____.

A

oesophagus,skin

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26
Q

Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar epithelium are mainly found in the _____ of large glands, and they are quite _____.

A

ducts,rare

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27
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium rests on the _____ membrane, and it is common in the walls of _____ tubules.

A

basement,kidney

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28
Q

The mucus produced by cells in the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium helps to trap _____ and debris, while the cilia help to _____ it out of the lungs.

A

dust,propel

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29
Q

Transitional epithelium is found in the bladder, ureters, and part of the _____, and is capable of _____ in response to urine volume.

A

urethra, stretching

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30
Q

Glandular epithelium is responsible for producing and secreting products such as _____ and is found in glands like the _____ and adrenal gland.

A

hormones, thyroid gland

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31
Q

Normal cervical cells are primarily composed of _____ epithelial cells, which are collected during a _____ test.

A

squamous, smear

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32
Q

The main cause of cell abnormality in the cervix is _____, which can lead to _____ cancer.

A

HPV, cervical

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33
Q

There are three types of muscle tissue: _____ muscle, _____ muscle, and smooth muscle.

A

Skeletal, Cardiac

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34
Q

Skeletal muscle is organized into muscles that are attached to the skeleton and can be _____ controlled, forming part of the _____ of the body.

A

voluntarily, flesh

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35
Q

When epithelium goes wrong, it can lead to changes in cervical cells, which may progress to _____ lesions or _____ abnormalities.

A

cancerous, cell

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36
Q

The cells in transitional epithelium can change shape from rounded to _____ when stretched, indicating their ability to _____ in size.

A

squamous-like, stretch

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37
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are ____ and ____ with obvious striations.

A

long, cylindrical

38
Q

Cardiac muscle is found only in the ____ and is under ____ control.

A

heart, involuntary

39
Q

Smooth muscle has ____ visible striations and is found in the walls of ____ organs.

A

no, hollow

40
Q

When smooth muscle contracts, it influences the ____ or ____ of the organ.

A

constriction, dilation

41
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are ____ and fit together tightly at junctions called ____ disks.

A

uninucleate, intercalated

42
Q

Peristalsis is an unconscious wavelike contraction of ____ muscle that moves a food bolus along the ____ tract.

A

smooth, digestive

43
Q

Skeletal muscle causes the movement of ____ or ____ during contraction.

A

bones, skin

44
Q

Smooth muscle cells are ____ at each end and are ____ in shape.

A

pointed, uninucleate

45
Q

The pumping of blood around the body is a function of ____ muscle during the ____ circulation pathway.

A

cardiac, double

46
Q

Muscle cells that are multinucleate and have obvious striations are classified as ____ muscle.

A

skeletal

47
Q

The four primary human tissue types include epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and _____ tissue.

A

connective

48
Q

Connective tissue is known for its role in _____ parts of the body and is the _____ type of body tissue.

A

connecting, most abundant

49
Q

Most connective tissue has a good _____ supply, but tendons and ligaments have a _____ blood supply.

A

blood, poor

50
Q

The primary function of epithelial tissue is _____, while muscle tissue is primarily responsible for _____.

A

covering, movement

51
Q

Human tissues are organized into _____, which include the heart, lungs, and _____.

A

organs, kidneys

52
Q

Connective tissue is characterized by its ability to _____ and its diverse types, including _____ and ligaments.

A

connect, tendons

53
Q

The fertilized egg divides to produce millions of cells, many of which become _____ to perform specific _____.

A

specialized, functions

54
Q

Nervous tissue is primarily responsible for _____, while connective tissue provides _____.

A

control, support

55
Q

Cartilage is considered _____ because it has no blood supply, which affects its _____.

A

avascular, healing

56
Q

In addition to connecting, connective tissue also plays roles in _____ and _____ within the body.

A

support, protection

57
Q

Connective tissue is made up of various cell types and an ____ matrix, which plays a role in ____ and support.

A

extracellular, protection

58
Q

Bone cells are located in cavities known as ____ and are surrounded by a matrix rich in ____ salts.

A

lacunae, calcium

59
Q

The skeleton, along with muscles and nervous control, allows us to ____ and ____ while providing protection to vital organs.

A

stand, move

60
Q

Cartilage is more ____ and ____ than bone, and is found in structures like the larynx and the nose.

A

flexible, smoother

61
Q

Dense fibrous tissue is often found in the deeper layers of the ____ and comprises structures like ____ and ligaments.

A

dermis, tendons

62
Q

Tendons connect ____ to bone, while ligaments connect ____ to bone.

A

muscle, bone

63
Q

Areolar tissue is the most widely distributed connective tissue type, wrapping around organs to protect them from ____ and ____.

A

impact, damage

64
Q

Adipose tissue is a type of areolar tissue where ____ cells predominate, providing insulation and protection from ____ temperatures.

A

fat, extreme

65
Q

Adipose tissue forms the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin, helping to ____ the body and protect organs from ____.

A

insulate, impact

66
Q

Connective tissues are involved in many functions including ____ and holding together other body ____.

A

protection, tissues

67
Q

Blood is often referred to as _____ tissue and is primarily responsible for the transport of _____ around the body.

A

vascular, nutrients, waste, gases

68
Q

Reticular connective tissue provides a supporting framework for free blood cells such as _____ in the _____ and bone marrow.

A

lymphocytes, lymph nodes

69
Q

Nervous tissue is primarily found in the _____, _____, and _____ and is responsible for controlling body activities.

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

70
Q

The structure of a nerve cell includes the _____, which receives signals, and the _____, which contains the nucleus.

A

dendrite, cell body

71
Q

The myelin sheath is an insulating layer that helps maintain the _____ of electrical impulses along the _____ of a neuron.

A

speed, axon

72
Q

The gaps in the myelin sheath are known as _____, which allow electrical impulses to pick up _____ during transmission.

A

Nodes of Ranvier, speed

73
Q

When you touch something hot, the _____ arc is activated, allowing for a quick response without involving the _____ first.

A

reflex, brain

74
Q

Neurons are also known as _____ cells and are essential for transmitting _____ impulses throughout the body.

A

nerve, electrical

75
Q

The axon of a neuron is adapted to conduct an _____ potential, while the _____ terminal communicates with the next neuron.

A

action, axon

76
Q

The process of a stimulus being detected starts with receptor cells in the ____ and then the impulse is sent to the ____ neuron.

A

finger, sensory

77
Q

When a neuron is at rest, the charge difference across the membrane is known as the ____ potential, while during firing it is called the ____ potential.

A

resting, action

78
Q

The change in membrane polarity when a neuron transitions from resting potential to action potential is called ____ and the return to resting potential is known as ____.

A

depolarisation, repolarisation

79
Q

The three stages of changes in polarity during nerve impulse transmission are ____ , ____ , and ____ .

A

depolarisation, repolarisation, recovery

80
Q

During depolarisation, sodium gates in the cell membrane open, allowing ____ ions to diffuse into the cell, while ____ gates remain closed.

A

Na+, K+

81
Q

The action potential is generated when a threshold potential is reached, leading to the transmission of a ____ impulse along the neuron.

A

nerve

82
Q

When K+ gates open, K+ ions move ____ of the cell and then the K+ gates ____ after a while.

A

out, close

83
Q

During the recovery phase, K+ ions move ____ the cell, restoring the resting potential to about ____ to -70mV.

A

into, -60

84
Q

In a synapse, nerve impulses cross the gap using neurotransmitter chemicals like ____ which diffuse across the synapse and initiate a ____ in the next nerve cell.

A

acetylcholine, nerve impulse

85
Q

The first step in synaptic transmission is when an action potential arrives and the membrane ____ as calcium channels ____ and calcium ions enter the neuron.

A

depolarises, open

86
Q

After calcium ions enter the neuron, they cause synaptic vesicles to ____ with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitter into the ____ cleft.

A

fuse, synaptic

87
Q

Once neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, sodium channels ____ and sodium ions flow through, causing the membrane to ____ and generate an action potential.

A

open, depolarise

88
Q

The presynaptic neuron contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitter chemicals, while the postsynaptic neuron has ____ molecules that bind with the neurotransmitter to facilitate ____ transmission.

A

receptor, impulse

89
Q

The presence of myelin increases the speed of nerve impulses by providing ____ insulation around the axon, allowing for faster ____ of the action potential.

A

electrical, propagation

90
Q

In multiple sclerosis, the role of myelin is compromised, affecting the ____ of nerve impulse transmission and leading to various ____ symptoms.

A

efficiency, neurological

Foundation (8 decks)

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