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Foundation > Focus on Microbiology > Flashcards

Focus on Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

The structure and function of different cell types include prokaryotic, eukaryotic, _____ and _____.

A

animals, plants

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2
Q

Light microscopy uses visible light to observe specimens and has a series of _____ and uses _____ as its source of illumination.

A

lenses, visible light

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3
Q

In a light microscope, light rays pass through a _____, which then has lenses that direct the light rays through a _____.

A

condenser, specimen

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4
Q

The image in a light microscope is magnified by the _____ lens and the _____ lens.

A

objective, ocular

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5
Q

The early microscopes were discovered and designed by _____ and _____.

A

Hooke, van Leewenhoek

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6
Q

Magnification in light microscopy is achieved when light rays pass through a _____ and then to the _____ lenses.

A

condenser, objective

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7
Q

A compound microscope is a type of light microscope that uses multiple _____ to enhance the _____ of the specimen.

A

lenses, magnification

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8
Q

To visualize cells and microorganisms, one must first learn about the operation and use of _____.

A

microscopes

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9
Q

The path of light in a compound microscope is crucial for achieving _____ and _____ of the specimen.

A

clarity, detail

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10
Q

The eyepiece of a microscope is also known as the _____ lens, which further magnifies the image.

A

ocular

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11
Q

To calculate the total magnification of a specimen, you must multiply the objective lens magnification by the _____ lens magnification.

A

ocular

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12
Q

Most compound microscopes typically have objective lenses with magnifications of _____, _____, and _____ times.

A

10X, 40X, 100X

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13
Q

The highest resolution possible in a compound light microscope is approximately _____ micrometers, which indicates the ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects.

A

0.2

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14
Q

When using a high magnification lens, such as _____, it is important to preserve the direction of light rays for good resolution.

A

100X

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15
Q

The oil-immersion lens requires the use of _____ to improve the resolving power of the lenses.

A

immersion oil

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16
Q

If immersion oil is not used with the oil immersion objective lens, the image will appear _____ and have _____ resolution.

A

fuzzy, poor

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17
Q

The immersion oil used in microscopy has the same _____ as the glass, making it part of the optics of the microscope.

A

refractive index

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18
Q

Magnifications above _____ times do not improve resolution in light microscopes.

A

2000X

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19
Q

Resolution is often more critical than magnification when visualizing _____, as it determines the clarity of the image.

A

microorganisms

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20
Q

To achieve high magnification with good resolution, it is essential to use an _____ grade oil between the microscope slide and the objective lens.

A

optical

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21
Q

To obtain a clear image under a compound light microscope, specimens must contrast sharply with their ____ and change the ____ index.

A

medium, refractive

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22
Q

The Gram staining technique is used to distinguish between gram-positive and ____ bacteria, utilizing a dye called ____ violet.

A

gram-negative, crystal

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23
Q

Gram-positive cells appear ____ due to the thick peptidoglycan layer, while gram-negative cells appear ____ after counterstaining.

A

purple, pink

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24
Q

Phase contrast microscopy, first described by Frits Zernike, exploits the principle that cells differ in ____ index from their ____.

A

refractive, surroundings

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25
Q

In Gram staining, the dye crystal violet binds more tightly to the thick peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive cells than to the ____ layer in gram-negative cells.

A

thinner

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26
Q

After staining, light passes through the specimen and its medium with different refractive indexes, causing the rays to ____ and resulting in a sharper ____.

A

refract, image

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27
Q

Gram-negative bacterial cells can be counterstained with safranin, which makes them appear ____ next to the crystal violet stained ____ cells.

A

pink, gram positive

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28
Q

To achieve contrast in microscopy, we must change the refractive index of specimens from that of their ____ by ____ them.

A

medium, staining

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29
Q

In phase contrast microscopy, the phase ring of the objective lens enhances the ____ and the ____ of the image.

A

contrast, clarity

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30
Q

Dark-field microscopy provides a high-contrast image with a ____ specimen on a ____ background.

A

light, dark

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31
Q

An advantage of dark-field microscopy is that it often has superior ____ compared to ____ or phase contrast microscopy.

A

resolution, bright-field

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32
Q

The technique of dark-field microscopy is particularly effective for observing microorganisms with ____ as individual ____ can be resolved.

A

flagella, flagella

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33
Q

To visualize microorganisms, one can use light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and ____ microscopy.

A

dark-field

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34
Q

By the end of the session, you should be able to discuss magnification, resolution, and the use of ____ microscopy.

A

light, phase contrast, dark-field

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35
Q

A phase plate in phase contrast microscopy is used to increase the ____ of the image produced and to enhance the ____ of the specimen.

A

contrast, visibility

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36
Q

In microscopy, the light that reaches the lens is somewhat ____ by the specimen, resulting in a specific type of image.

A

scattered

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37
Q

Viruses are smaller and more abundant on Earth than _____ and can infect all types of living organisms including _____ and animals.

A

bacteria, fungi

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38
Q

The novel coronavirus originated in _____, China and is the cause of the disease known as _____.

A

Wuhan, Covid-19

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39
Q

The Chamberland-Pasteur filter was designed in the 1800s for the removal of _____ cells from a liquid sample and was significant in the study of _____.

A

bacterial, viruses

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40
Q

Adolph Meyer demonstrated that tobacco mosaic disease could be passed from a diseased plant to a healthy plant through _____ extracts.

A

liquid

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41
Q

Dmitri Ivanowski showed that tobacco mosaic disease could still be transmitted even if all of the _____ were removed from the sample.

A

bacteria

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42
Q

The cause of tobacco mosaic disease was later identified as the _____ mosaic virus, which produces a mottled effect on infected leaves.

A

tobacco

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43
Q

Viruses are considered to be ____ of life because they cannot ____ on their own.

A

on the edge, reproduce

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44
Q

The three main domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and ____.

A

eukaryota

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45
Q

Viruses require a host’s cellular machinery to ____ and are known as ____ parasites.

A

reproduce, obligate intracellular

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46
Q

The protein coat of a virus is called a ____ and it surrounds the ____ acid.

A

capsid, nucleic

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47
Q

Viruses can be composed of either DNA or ____ but not both, and some have a ____ envelope.

A

RNA, lipoprotein

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48
Q

The term ‘virus’ in Latin means ____ or ____.

A

venom, poison

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49
Q

Viruses are more abundant in nature than ____ but are much ____ in size.

A

bacteria, smaller

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50
Q

The diameter of viruses typically ranges between ____ and ____ nanometers.

A

20, 300

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51
Q

Viruses can be exploited for ____ therapy by introducing beneficial ____ to cells.

A

gene, genes

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52
Q

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that specifically infects ____.

A

bacteria

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53
Q

Viruses are approximately ____ times smaller than bacteria and require an ____ microscope for visualization.

A

100, electron

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54
Q

The development of the electron microscope in the ____ allowed scientists to understand that viruses are distinct ____ microorganisms.

A

1930s, microorganisms

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55
Q

The field of virology expanded significantly in the ____ and ____ as scientists began to understand virus structures.

A

1960s, 1970s

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56
Q

Viruses are mainly comprised of ____ material, which can be either ____ or RNA.

A

nuclear, DNA

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57
Q

Some viruses have a protective ____ in addition to their protein coat and genetic material.

A

envelope

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58
Q

The viral genome can range from a few thousand nucleotides to ____ nucleotides, encoding virus-specific ____.

A

250,000, genes

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59
Q

Structural proteins are used to construct the ____ while non-structural proteins often function as ____ in the virus.

A

virion, enzymes

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60
Q

The structure of viruses includes genetic information and a ____ coat, which is essential for their function.

A

protein

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61
Q

Viruses can have different shapes such as _____, _____, or complex.

A

spherical, icosahedral

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62
Q

The replication cycle of a virus can often lead to the _____ and _____ of host cells.

A

damage, destruction

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63
Q

Hepatitis viruses primarily destroy _____ cells, while Influenza viruses target _____ cells.

A

liver, respiratory tract

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64
Q

The current coronavirus is known to destroy cells in the _____ tract, similar to _____ viruses.

A

respiratory, Influenza

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65
Q

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency virus, specifically destroys cells of the _____ system and can lead to _____ disease.

A

immune, serious

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66
Q

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects _____ or _____ cells.

A

bacterial, archaeal

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67
Q

The mode of action of a bacteriophage includes attachment, injection of _____ material, and _____ of viral genetic material.

A

nuclear, replication

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68
Q

Bacteriophages hijack the bacterial cellular machinery to assemble new _____ proteins and cause _____ of the bacterial cell.

A

viral, rupture

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69
Q

Viruses can be up to _____ times smaller than bacterial cells, which is evident in electron microscopy images of _____ attaching to bacteria.

A

100, bacteriophages

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70
Q

Retroviruses are a specific type of virus that contain _____ as their genetic material and an enzyme called _____ transcriptase.

A

RNA, reverse

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71
Q

The process of a virus replicating can produce hundreds or thousands of copies, leading to _____ in the host organism.

A

disease

72
Q

Reverse transcriptase allows for a complementary DNA strand to be ____ and incorporated into the ____ genome.

A

synthesised, host

73
Q

HIV is an example of a ____ and can lie dormant for many years before it causes any ____ .

A

retrovirus, problems

74
Q

Drugs that can be taken to halt the HIV virus are known as ____ drugs and they work by targeting the ____ process.

A

anti-retroviral, replication

75
Q

Cell tropism refers to the limited range of ____ types that will support the reproduction of a particular ____ .

A

cell, virus

76
Q

Certain species are susceptible to a viral infection due to cell tropism, which depends on the types of ____ sites on host cells and their match with the ____ sites on a virus.

A

receptor, anti-receptor

77
Q

A zoonosis is an infectious disease caused by a pathogen that has jumped from a non-human ____ to a ____ .

A

animal, human

78
Q

Examples of zoonotic diseases include rabies, lyme disease, and the ____ virus.

A

MERS

79
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have a zoonotic source, likely originating in ____ .

A

bats

80
Q

Protozoa are classified as ____ eukaryotes that can be either free-living or ____.

A

unicellular, parasitic

81
Q

The eight phyla in the kingdom protozoa include Euglenozoa, Amoebozoa, and ____ as well as ____.

A

Metamonada, Choanozoa

82
Q

Protozoa generally inhabit ____ environments such as fresh water, marine environments, and ____.

A

moist, soil

83
Q

Protozoa are described as single-celled eukaryotes that are not ____ , plants, or ____.

A

animals, fungi

84
Q

The size of protozoa can range from as small as 1 micrometer to several ____ or more.

A

millimeters

85
Q

Protozoa are important in ecosystems and are classified as ____ organisms because they cannot make their own ____.

A

heterotrophic, food

86
Q

The classification of microorganisms includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and ____.

A

protozoa

87
Q

Amoeba can easily change its shape, while ____ has a fixed shape and complex structure.

A

Paramecium

88
Q

The kingdom protozoa is now often referred to as ____.

A

protists

89
Q

There are ____ phyla in the kingdom protozoa, including Microsporidia and ____.

A

8, Sulcozoa

90
Q

Protozoa can be found in various habitats, including ____ and ____ environments.

A

fresh water, marine water

91
Q

Some protozoa can survive in extreme conditions such as ____ and ____ lakes.

A

hot springs, hypersaline

92
Q

Protozoa are classified as ____ because they cannot synthesize their own food like plants do.

A

heterotrophic

93
Q

The feeding process of protozoa often involves ____ and the use of ____ to engulf prey.

A

phagocytosis, pseudopodia

94
Q

In dry environments, protozoa can form ____ to remain ____ until conditions improve.

A

cysts, dormant

95
Q

Parasitic protozoa often live within or on other organisms, such as ____ that help digest complex sugars.

A

wood-eating termites

96
Q

The size of Plasmodium falciparum in its gametocyte phase ranges from ____ to ____ micrometers.

A

7, 14

97
Q

Amoeba proteus can grow to a size of ____ to ____ micrometers.

A

220, 760

98
Q

The mouth-like opening in some protozoa is called a ____ and is used for feeding.

A

cytostome

99
Q

The trophozoite phase of Plasmodium falciparum measures between ____ and ____ micrometers.

A

1, 2

100
Q

Protozoa can absorb nutrients through their cell membranes in a process called ____ and can also reproduce ____ by binary fission.

A

osmotrophy, asexually

101
Q

Some protozoa move using tiny hairs called ____ and others use whip-like tail structures called ____.

A

cilia, flagella

102
Q

The two-phase life cycle of some protozoa includes a proliferative stage and a ____ stage, which allows them to survive in harsh conditions.

A

dormant cyst

103
Q

Malaria is caused by ____ and Giardiasis is caused by ____.

A

Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia duodenalis

104
Q

Chagas disease is caused by ____ and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by ____.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi, Naegleria fowleri

105
Q

Protozoa that are non-motile are referred to as ____ and can survive in unfavorable conditions as ____.

A

sessile, cysts

106
Q

During the proliferative phase, protozoa actively ____ and ____.

A

feed, reproduce

107
Q

Some protozoa species are parasitic and can cause diseases such as ____ and ____.

A

Malaria, Giardiasis

108
Q

The process of exchanging genetic material in protozoa is known as ____, while their asexual reproduction occurs through ____.

A

conjugation, binary fission

109
Q

Fungi are classified as ____ and are part of the domain ____ in the tree of life.

A

eukaryotes, eukaryota

110
Q

The study of fungi is known as ____, and it includes organisms like ____ and molds.

A

mycology, yeasts

111
Q

Microorganisms can be found in various environments, including ____ and ____.

A

human skin, animal intestines

112
Q

Fungi can be beneficial or problematic; some examples include ____ and ____ species.

A

yeasts, molds

113
Q

The three main domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and ____.

A

eukaryota

114
Q

Fungi are our main decomposers and can be found in environments such as ____ and ____.

A

soils, human intestines

115
Q

In the study of microbiology, fungi are often compared to ____ and ____.

A

bacteria, viruses

116
Q

Fungi can be unicellular like ____ or multicellular like ____ species.

A

yeasts, mushroom

117
Q

The structure and function of fungi are important in understanding ____ and ____ cell types.

A

eukaryotic, prokaryotic

118
Q

The lecture on fungi aims to help you understand their structure, function, and features, focusing on ____ and ____ types.

A

unicellular, multicellular

119
Q

Fungi are classified as ____ and have a ____ that contains their DNA.

A

eukaryotes,nucleus

120
Q

Fungi reproduce asexually by ____ or ____ and can also reproduce sexually by _____.

A

spores,fragmentation,meiosis

121
Q

The network of hyphae in fungi is called ____ and they can grow to very ____ sizes.

A

mycelium,large

122
Q

Fungi can exist as yeasts and ____; all fungi are ____ except for yeast.

A

molds,multicellular

123
Q

Hyphae can be either septate or ____ and are responsible for forming a ____ when conditions are suitable.

A

aseptate,mycelium

124
Q

Fungi are more closely related to ____ than to ____ and contain membrane-bound organelles like _____.

A

animals,plants,mitochondria

125
Q

Some fungi, like yeast, are ____ anaerobes, while others may respire _____.

A

facultative,aerobically

126
Q

The body of molds and fleshy fungi is called a ____ and consists of long filaments known as _____.

A

thallus,hyphae

127
Q

Mycelium is used by companies like Ffern perfumes to create ____-free sustainable _____.

A

plastic,packaging

128
Q

Fungi can reproduce using structures called _____, which release _____ under the microscope.

A

sporangia, spores

129
Q

Yeast reproduce by a process called _____, where a parent cell forms a _____.

A

budding, bud

130
Q

In yeast reproduction, the cell nucleus divides into two and one nucleus migrates into the _____.

A

bud

131
Q

Molds can form spores that may be _____ or _____ in nature.

A

sexual, asexual

132
Q

Asexual spores in molds form in sporangia at the tips of _____ hyphae from one organism.

A

arial

133
Q

Sexual spores in molds are produced when cells of _____ organisms fuse together.

A

two

134
Q

Fungi are classified as _____, meaning they feed on and break down dead matter in ecosystems.

A

decomposers

135
Q

Fungi secrete _____ and _____ into the environment to digest food.

A

enzymes, acids

136
Q

Some fungi are _____ and can infect other organisms.

A

parasitic

137
Q

Examples of fungal classifications include Chytridomycota, Basidiomycota, _____, and _____ .

A

Ascomycota, Zygomycota

138
Q

Bacteria are classified into different groups based on their ____ and ____.

A

genus, species

139
Q

The full name of E. coli is ____ and it belongs to the genus _____.

A

Escherichia, Escherichia

140
Q

Taxonomy is the science of ____ and ____ living organisms.

A

classifying, naming

141
Q

Most eukaryotic cells evolved from ____ cells, which are ____ in structure.

A

prokaryotic, simpler

142
Q

Bacteria can be beneficial or harmful, but without them, much of life as we know it would not be ____ or ____ .

A

possible, sustainable

143
Q

The genus and species of bacteria are always written in ____ and ____ respectively.

A

italics, italics

144
Q

E. coli is a gram-negative, ____ shaped, ____ anaerobe.

A

rod, facultative

145
Q

The three main domains of life were depicted by ____ and are essential for understanding ____ .

A

Carl Woese, taxonomy

146
Q

Bacteria are often thought of as harmful, but relatively few actually cause ____ to humans, animals, or plants.

A

serious problems, serious problems

147
Q

In taxonomy, species are defined as related organisms with ____ characteristics and ____ features.

A

similar, characteristics

148
Q

Bacteria are classified as ____ organisms and are categorized as ____.

A

single-celled, prokaryotes

149
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain a ____ while prokaryotic cells do not have a ____.

A

nucleus, nucleus

150
Q

The genetic material in eukaryotic cells is found in the ____, whereas in prokaryotic cells it is ____ in the cell.

A

nucleus, free

151
Q

Bacteria can be classified based on their morphology, mode of nutrition, and ____.

A

pathogenicity

152
Q

Pathogenic bacteria can cause diseases such as ____ and ____.

A

Bubonic plague, Cholera

153
Q

Bacteria range in size from ____ to ____ in diameter.

A

0.2 µm, 2 µm

154
Q

Bacterial cells lack ____ and have ____ DNA.

A

membrane-bound organelles, circular

155
Q

The components of a bacterial cell include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a ____ made of ____.

A

cell wall, peptidoglycan

156
Q

Human cells are classified as ____ while bacterial cells are classified as ____.

A

eukaryotic, prokaryotic

157
Q

Some bacteria thrive in ____ conditions while others live in ____ environments.

A

extreme, normal

158
Q

Bacterial cells can have several different shapes, including cocci, bacilli, and _____.

A

spirilla

159
Q

Cocci bacteria can occur in chains known as _____ and in pairs known as _____.

A

streptococci, diplococci

160
Q

The singular form of bacilli is _____, and an example is _____.

A

bacillus, Lactobacillus bulgarica

161
Q

Spirilla are corkscrew-shaped bacteria, and an example is _____. They can cause _____.

A

Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcers

162
Q

Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped bacterium that causes _____ and can lead to _____.

A

cholera, extreme dehydration

163
Q

Bacteria replicate through a process called _____, which is known as _____.

A

binary fission, replication

164
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is an example of cocci bacteria that can cause problems if they enter a _____.

A

wound

165
Q

Bacillus cereus, a type of bacilli, is known to cause _____ when found in _____.

A

food poisoning, rice

166
Q

Symptoms of cholera include mild nausea, vomiting, and severe _____.

A

diarrhea

167
Q

The outer structure of some bacteria includes a _____, which aids in surface adhesion and protection.

A

capsule

168
Q

Binary fission is a form of ____ reproduction that involves DNA ____ in the bacterial cell.

A

asexual, replicates

169
Q

During binary fission, the cell wall and membrane begin to ____ and the cell wall forms around ____ DNA.

A

pinch in, replicated

170
Q

At the end of binary fission, there are two identical ____ cells resulting from the process of ____ .

A

bacterial, cytokinesis

171
Q

The three main domains of life are bacteria, ____ and ____ as proposed by Carl Woese.

A

archaea, eukaryota

172
Q

Archaea are a distinct group of microorganisms that are also ____ and can thrive in ____ conditions.

A

prokaryotic, extreme

173
Q

Extremophiles are organisms that prefer extreme conditions such as high temperature (____), low temperature (____) and high pressure (____).

A

Thermophiles, Psychrophiles, Barophiles

174
Q

Some archaea are known as ____ because they thrive in acidic environments, while others are called ____ for alkaline environments.

A

Acidophiles, Alkaliphiles

175
Q

Haloalkaliphiles are extremophiles that prefer a mixture of high pH and ____ conditions.

A

high salt

176
Q

Common morphologies of archaea include cocci, rods, and ____ shapes, with some being disk shaped.

A

helices

177
Q

The process of binary fission results in the separation of cells, which is known as ____ .

A

cytokinesis

Foundation (8 decks)

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