Chemisty Flashcards
The atomic nucleus is composed of _____ and _____, while electrons are found _____ the nucleus.
protons, neutrons, outside
Different types of atoms are called _____, which are distinguished by the number of _____ in their atomic nuclei.
elements, protons
Isotopes have the same number of _____ but different numbers of _____, leading to variations in mass.
protons, neutrons
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for _____ of the parent isotope to decay.
0.5
In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), radioactive isotopes are used as _____ to diagnose _____ in medicine.
radiotracers, diseases
The three types of intramolecular chemical bonding are _____, _____, and _____ bonds.
ionic, covalent, metallic
Intermolecular interactions include _____ forces and _____ bonds, which are crucial for biological processes.
van der Waals, hydrogen
The atomic mass of sodium (Na) is approximately _____, while its atomic number is _____ protons.
22.990, 11
Carbon-14 is an example of an unstable isotope that can transform into a _____ atom through decay.
nitrogen
The structure of atoms is fundamental to understanding both _____ and _____ chemistry in biology.
organic, inorganic
Electrons are localised around the atomic nucleus in different electron ____ and also called ____ levels.
shells, energy
Each energy level can host a limited number of ____, and they are broken down into ____ called orbitals.
electrons, subshells
The subshells include s, p, d, and ____, with each orbital being a ____ space.
f, 3-dimensional
Each orbital can contain up to ____ electrons, which spin in ____ directions to minimise repulsion.
2, opposite
In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic ____ and organised in ____ and periods.
number, groups
Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract a pair of ____ in a chemical ____.
electrons, bond
Metal atoms tend to lose electrons, forming positive ions or ____, while non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons, forming negative ions or ____.
cations, anions
The d block can host ____ electrons in ____ orbitals, and compounds of transition metals are often ____ .
10, 5, coloured
In period 2 of the periodic table, the second energy level is filled with ____ and ____ orbitals.
2s, 2p
The structure of atoms includes the principal quantum numbers which indicate the number of ____ and the number of ____ in each shell.
shells, electrons
S orbitals are shaped like a ____ while p orbitals are shaped like a ____ .
sphere, dumbbell
Copper has an electron configuration of 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, and ____ .
4s1
Sodium has an electron configuration of 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, and ____ .
3s1
The number of electrons in the outermost level determines the ____ properties of elements in the same group.
chemical
The atomic structure includes electrons, protons, and ____ which are found in the nucleus.
neutrons
Ionic bonds are formed through the electrostatic attraction between ____ and ____ ions.
positively charged, negatively charged
In ionic bonds, metal atoms ____ electrons while non-metal atoms ____ electrons.
lose, gain
Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ____ and are organized in ____ structures.
salts, ionic lattice
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of ____ between atoms, typically between ____ elements.
valence electrons, non-metal
The number of covalent bonds usually equals the number of ____ needed to complete the ____ shell.
electrons, valence
Molecules are formed when atoms are linked by ____ bonds, such as in ____ and ____ molecules.
covalent, water, oxygen
A non-polar covalent bond occurs between atoms with ____ electronegativity, while a polar covalent bond occurs between atoms with ____ electronegativity.
equal, different
Metallic bonds are characterized by ____ electrons that are free to move, allowing metals to conduct ____ and ____.
delocalised, electricity, heat
In metallic bonding, the attraction is between delocalised electrons and ____ ions.
metal
Noble gases do not form bonds because they have ____ outer shells, making them ____ to react.
full, unlikely
The weakest intermolecular forces are known as ____ and include ____ forces.
van der Waals forces, London dispersion
Dipole-dipole forces are stronger than ____ forces but only ____ of a covalent bond strength.
London dispersion, 1%
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest form of intermolecular force involving hydrogen bound to ____ or ____.
oxygen, nitrogen
Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds are fundamental to forming the ____ structure of macromolecules like ____ and ____.
3D, proteins, nucleic acids
The specific type of dipole-dipole interaction that involves hydrogen is called a ____ bond and has ____% of a covalent bond strength.
hydrogen, 10%
Gecko lizards can adhere to walls thanks to ____ forces that form between tiny hairy structures on their feet and the surface.
van der Waals
In the context of biology, understanding the basic principles of organic and inorganic chemistry is essential for ____ and ____ calculations.
moles, molarity
The recommended reading for understanding weak interactions includes chapters from ____ and ____ books.
BTEC nationals applied science student book 1, Biology: A global approach
In the BTEC Level 3 Nationals Applied Science, Chapter 1 focuses on ____ and ____.
Moles, molar masses
To calculate molarity, you need to know the ____ and the ____ of the solution.
moles of solute, volume of solution
The recommended video ‘Molarity Made Easy’ takes ____ minutes to complete and teaches about ____.
9, calculating molarity
During the TBL activity, students first complete the ‘iRAT’ quiz and then work on the ____ quiz as a team.
tRAT
In the team activity, students must discuss the questions they got wrong and attempt the ____ quiz again.
tRAT
The ‘BIOL00005 - Mole Calculations’ smart worksheet focuses on ____ and ____ calculations.
Moles, molarity
Students are encouraged to upload their most challenging exercise on ____ after completing the team activity.
Padlet
The recommended reading for BTEC Level 3 includes a student book that covers moles, molar masses, and ____.
molarities
The video ‘Interconverting Masses, Moles and Numbers of Particles’ is a ____ minute tutorial.
6
Primary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to ____ other carbon atoms and ____ alkyl groups.
one, one
Secondary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to ____ other carbon atoms and ____ alkyl groups.
two, two
Tertiary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to ____ other carbon atoms and ____ alkyl groups.
three, three
In aldehydes, the functional group C=O is located at the ____ of the chain and always has at least ____ hydrogen atom attached.
end, one
In ketones, the functional group C=O is located in the ____ of the chain and is attached to ____ R groups.
middle, two
Carboxylic acids are considered ____ acids and they dissociate in ____.
weak, water
In aqueous solution, carboxylic acids are only slightly ionised, producing low concentrations of ____ ions and ____ ions.
hydronium, alkanoate
Esters are a derivative of carboxylic acids that contain the ____ group, -COO, and are named after the parent carboxylic acid from which they are derived.
ester
The nomenclature of esters involves removing the -____ acid suffix from the parent carboxylic acid and replacing it with -____.
oic, oate
The alkyl chain attached to the oxygen atom of the -COO- group is added as the ____ word in the name of the ester.
first
Triglycerides are stored in _____ tissues and serve as a source of _____ for the human body.
adipose, energy
Amines can be thought of as derivatives of _____, where one or more hydrogens are replaced by an _____ or aryl group.
ammonia, alkyl
The common way to name amines is to use the alkyl prefix followed by _____, while the IUPAC name uses the prefix _____ followed by the alkane stem.
-amine, amino-
Each amino acid contains an amine (-NH) and _____ (-COOH) group, which can react to form a _____ bond.
carboxylic acid, peptide
The primary structure of a protein is defined by the sequence of _____ bonded by covalent _____ bonds.
amino acids, peptide
