Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundation > Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is known as the ____ currency of the cell and is essential for ____ energy transfer.

A

energy, chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The full name of ATP is ____ and it contains a nitrogenous base called ____.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ATP consists of a 5-carbon sugar called ____ and has ____ phosphate groups.

A

D-ribose, three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fiske and Subborow first isolated ATP from ____ in the year ____.

A

muscle, 1929

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP during the breakdown of ____ energy fuel molecules.

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the cell energy cycle, ATP serves as a shared intermediate coupling ____ and ____ reactions.

A

endergonic, exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The concentrations of ATP in cells typically range from ____ to ____ M in cell water.

A

0.001, 0.01

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ATP is present in all types of cells including ____ , ____ , and ____ cells.

A

plant, animal, microbial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The structure of ATP includes a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and ____ phosphate groups.

A

three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The sugar component of ATP is known as ____ and is classified as a ____ sugar.

A

D-ribose, 5-carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ATP can be hydrolysed during _____ processes, linking energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions in the _____.

A

biosynthetic, cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP produces _____ and _____ as products, releasing energy in the process.

A

ADP, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi occurs in the presence of an _____ substrate and requires _____ consumption.

A

oxidisable, O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

According to the chemiosmotic model, ATP synthesis involves the movement of _____ across a _____ during cellular respiration.

A

protons, membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria is called _____ _____ and is powered by energy from the _____ transport chains.

A

ATP synthase, electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic model in _____ and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in _____.

A

1961, 1978

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ATP is considered a high energy compound due to its highly charged _____ groups, which are nearly completely ionised at pH _____.

A

phosphate, 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During the synthesis of ATP, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using energy and _____ from the electron transport chains and ATP synthase.

A

protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi is an example of _____, which is an energy _____ reaction.

A

hydrolysis, yielding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the chemiosmotic model, ATP synthesis occurs in both _____ and _____, highlighting its importance in energy metabolism.

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ATP is considered a high energy molecule because it has ____ negative charges that repel each other strongly, creating ____ stress.

A

four, electrostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When ATP is hydrolysed to ADP, some of the ____ stress is reduced, resulting in a ____ energy arrangement.

A

electrostatic, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ATP/ADP system acts as an intermediate linking system in ____ transformations in the cell, facilitating the transfer of ____ groups.

A

energy, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ATP serves as an energy carrier between the energy-yielding degradation of fuel molecules and the energy-requiring synthesis of ____ components from simpler ____.

A

cell, precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During glycolysis, ATP transfers its energy by donating a ____ group to energy-requiring functions or to lower energy ____ acceptors.

A

phosphate, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi releases a large amount of ____ free energy, making it a crucial energy source for ____ reactions.

A

negative, cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during the metabolism of fuel molecules like ____ recovers chemical energy for the cell’s ____ processes.

A

glucose, energy-requiring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cellular respiration involves a series of metabolic processes where energy is harvested from an organic substance like ____ and stored as ____ for cellular activities.

A

glucose, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is converted into ____ and then further processed into ____ under different conditions.

A

pyruvate, Acetyl Co-A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The main stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the ____ transport chain.

A

electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs in the ____ matrix, while glycolysis takes place in the ____ of the cell.

A

mitochondrial, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted into ____ or ____ depending on the organism.

A

lactate, ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The chemical equation for cellular respiration shows that glucose reacts with ____ to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ____.

A

oxygen, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Different cell types, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have distinct structures and functions, including their roles in ____ and ____ metabolism.

A

carbohydrate, lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The process of glycolysis is essential for understanding how organisms obtain energy from ____ and convert it into ____ for cellular use.

A

glucose, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In the context of cellular respiration, the term ‘metabolism’ refers to the biochemical reactions involved in how an organism obtains ____ and utilizes it for ____ activities.

A

energy, cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The electron transport chain is located in the ____ mitochondrial membrane and is crucial for the production of ____ during cellular respiration.

A

inner, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of _____ and the process occurs in the _____ of the cell.

A

pyruvate, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The two phases of glycolysis are the _____ phase and the _____ phase, each consisting of 5 steps.

A

preparatory, pay-off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as _____ and lower the _____ energy of reactions.

A

catalysts, activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

For each glucose molecule, _____ ATP are consumed in the preparatory phase and _____ ATP are produced in the pay-off phase.

A

2, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The net gain of ATP from glycolysis is _____ ATP, resulting from the difference between ATP consumed and produced.

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Glycolysis is the first metabolic pathway discovered, derived from the Greek words for ‘sweet’ and ‘_____’

A

splitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The process of glycolysis involves _____ enzyme-catalyzed reactions that lead to energy gain in the pay-off phase.

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In glycolysis, the initial molecule of glucose (6C) is converted into two molecules of _____ (3C).

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The energy investment in glycolysis requires _____ ATP, while the energy payoff yields _____ ATP.

A

2, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Enzymes do not affect the _____ of the reaction and are not _____ in the process.

A

equilibrium, used up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of _____ and produces a net gain of _____ ATP.

A

pyruvate, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

During the Link Reaction, pyruvate is converted to _____ by the removal of _____ and hydrogens.

A

acetate, carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The Krebs Cycle consists of _____ enzyme catalyzed reactions and produces _____ as a waste product.

A

five, CO2

51
Q

In aerobic respiration, electrons from oxidations are passed to _____ to form _____ in the mitochondrion.

A

O2, H2O

52
Q

The fate of pyruvate can include reduction to _____ via lactic acid fermentation or _____ fermentation.

A

lactate, alcohol

53
Q

The purpose of cellular respiration includes the breakdown of glucose to produce _____ and _____ for energy.

A

ATP, NADH

54
Q

The first stage of cellular respiration is called _____, which involves the breakdown of glucose.

A

glycolysis

55
Q

For every glucose molecule, the Link Reaction produces two molecules of _____ and two molecules of _____ as waste.

A

acetyl-CoA, CO2

56
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, the acetate joins with co-enzyme A to form _____, which is then further oxidized.

A

acetyl-CoA

57
Q

The energy from electron-transfer reactions in the mitochondrion is used for _____ synthesis during aerobic respiration.

A

ATP

58
Q

In the Krebs cycle, one acetyl-CoA produces one ATP, three NADH, and one _____ per cycle.

A

FADH2

59
Q

The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle and the _____ acid cycle.

A

tricarboxylic

60
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, complex I transfers electrons from NADH to _____ while pumping H+ into the intermembrane space.

A

CoQ

61
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains four protein complexes: complex I, II, III, and _____ which are involved in electron transport.

A

IV

62
Q

The Electron Transport Chain takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane and utilizes the _____ space between the membranes.

A

intermembrane

63
Q

In the Krebs cycle, two ATP are produced per _____ molecule.

A

glucose

64
Q

The main products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule are two ATP, six NADH, and _____ FADH2.

A

two

65
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane also contains ATP synthase, which has a channel for _____ to move through.

A

protons

66
Q

Complex II in the Electron Transport Chain oxidizes _____, transferring electrons to CoQ.

A

FADH2

67
Q

The process of oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _____ of the mitochondria.

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

68
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain, electrons are transferred from CoQ to complex III while ____ is pumped into the intermembrane space.

A

H+

69
Q

The final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain is ____ which leads to the formation of ____ as a byproduct.

A

oxygen, water

70
Q

During chemiosmosis, H+ ions flow across the inner membrane to the matrix, driving the formation of ____ from ADP and Pi.

A

ATP

71
Q

For each molecule of NADH, approximately ____ ATP molecules are produced, while for FADH2, about ____ ATP molecules are generated.

A

2.5, 1.5

72
Q

The movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane, down an electrochemical gradient, is known as ____.

A

Chemiosmosis

73
Q

Electrons are transferred via CytC to complex IV where ____ is formed as a result of the reduction of oxygen.

A

water

74
Q

The process of cellular respiration produces a total of ____ ATP from 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules combined.

A

28

75
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain, each jump of an electron from one complex to another results in the pumping of ____ ions into the intermembrane space.

A

H+

76
Q

The Electron Transport Chain cannot occur in the absence of ____ because it is essential for the final electron acceptance.

A

oxygen

77
Q

The build-up of H+ in the intermembrane space is crucial for driving the formation of ____ during cellular respiration.

A

ATP

78
Q

Photosynthesis is the process by which ____ and ____ generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.

A

plants, photoautotrophs

79
Q

The energy produced during photosynthesis is stored in ____ and released as ____ to the atmosphere.

A

carbohydrate molecules, oxygen

80
Q

Plants are considered ____ producers because they are eaten by ____ organisms in the food chain.

A

primary, higher

81
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in the ____ of plants and also in ____ algae.

A

leaves, photosynthetic

82
Q

Heterotrophs rely on carbohydrates produced by ____ organisms for their ____ needs.

A

photosynthetic, energy

83
Q

The process of photosynthesis transforms ____ energy into ____ energy.

A

light, chemical

84
Q

Photosynthesis is vital because it evolved as a way to store energy in ____ bonds of carbohydrate molecules.

A

carbon-carbon

85
Q

The organisms capable of performing photosynthesis include plants, algae, and ____.

A

cyanobacteria

86
Q

Humans cannot photosynthesize because they are ____ and rely on other organisms for their energy.

A

heterotrophs

87
Q

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is essential for ____ in living organisms.

A

respiration

88
Q

Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the ____ of the leaves, specifically within the ____ where chloroplasts are located.

A

mesophyll, chloroplasts

89
Q

The main pigment involved in photosynthesis is called ____, which is found in the ____ membranes of thylakoids.

A

chlorophyll, thylakoid

90
Q

The process of photosynthesis converts ____ and ____ into sugar and oxygen, using energy from sunlight.

A

carbon dioxide, water

91
Q

Stomata are responsible for gas exchange and are typically located on the ____ side of the leaves to minimize ____ loss.

A

underside, water

92
Q

Chloroplasts contain stacked structures called ____, which are essential for capturing energy from ____ light.

A

thylakoids, sunlight

93
Q

The layers of a plant leaf include the chloroplast, mesophyll, and ____, which is a pore used for gas exchange.

A

stoma

94
Q

The energy from sunlight drives the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to produce sugar and ____, which occurs in many ____ steps.

A

oxygen, complex

95
Q

The chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope composed of an outer and ____ membrane, crucial for photosynthesis.

A

inner

96
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of the visible spectrum and captures energy from ____ to facilitate photosynthesis.

A

sunlight

97
Q

The mesophyll layer comprises most of the interior of the leaf, situated between the upper and lower layers of the ____.

A

epidermis

98
Q

Chlorophyll gives plants their ____ colour and is responsible for the initial interaction between ____ and plant material.

A

green, light

99
Q

A stack of thylakoids is called a ____ and the liquid-filled space surrounding it is the ____.

A

granum, stroma

100
Q

The two stages of photosynthesis are the ____ reactions and the ____ reactions.

A

light-dependent, light-independent

101
Q

In light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by ____ and converted into chemical energy in the form of ____ and NADPH.

A

chlorophyll, ATP

102
Q

Light energy is harvested in Photosystems I and II, which are present in the ____ membranes of chloroplasts.

A

thylakoid

103
Q

The light-independent reactions are also known as the ____ cycle, where carbohydrate molecules are assembled from ____ using chemical energy.

A

Calvin, carbon dioxide

104
Q

In the light-dependent reactions, the photochemical splitting of water leads to the formation of reduced ____ and the production of ____ from ADP and P.

A

NADP, ATP

105
Q

Photosystem I is also known as P____ and Photosystem II is known as P____.

A

700, 680

106
Q

The photosystems consist of a light-harvesting complex and a reaction ____ where pigments pass light energy to chlorophyll molecules.

A

centre

107
Q

In the light-dependent reactions, the light excites an electron from the chlorophyll, which is then passed to a primary ____ acceptor.

A

electron

108
Q

Photosystem I has a reaction centre of chlorophyll a with a maximum light absorption at ____ nm, known as the ____ reaction centre.

A

700, P700

109
Q

Photosystem II has a reaction centre of chlorophyll a with a maximum light absorption at ____ nm, referred to as the ____ reaction centre.

A

680, P680

110
Q

Excited electrons from photosystem II are picked up by the first of a chain of ____ carriers, which pass electrons from carrier to ____.

A

electron, carrier

111
Q

The energy from the electrons in the light-dependent reactions is used to pump ____ ions into the lumen, leading to the formation of ____.

A

H+, ATP

112
Q

The splitting of water in the light-dependent reactions is called ____, which releases H+ ions and ____.

A

photolysis, oxygen

113
Q

Electrons from P680 fill vacancies in the reaction centre of photosystem I (P700) while the holes in P680 are filled by electrons released from ____.

A

water

114
Q

The H+ ions released during photolysis are used to reduce ____, while excited electrons from P700 are taken up by another electron ____.

A

NADP, acceptor

115
Q

The products of the light-dependent reactions include NADPH and ____, which are essential for the light-independent reactions.

A

ATP

116
Q

The light-independent reactions use energised electrons from the light-dependent reactions to form ____ from carbon dioxide molecules.

A

carbohydrates

117
Q

Light-independent reactions do not require light but depend on the energy carrier molecules, ____ and ____, to drive the construction of new carbohydrates.

A

ATP, NADPH

118
Q

In the Calvin Cycle, the first step is called fixation, where CO2 is combined with ____ to form two molecules of ____.

A

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), 3-phosphoglycerate

119
Q

During the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle, ____ and ____ are used to convert 3-Phosphoglycerate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

A

NADPH, ATP

120
Q

The regeneration phase of the Calvin Cycle requires one ATP to regenerate ____, allowing the cycle to continue, while incorporating one ____ at a time.

A

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), carbon dioxide

121
Q

The light-independent reactions occur in the ____ and utilize energy from ATP and NADPH to produce ____ from carbon dioxide.

A

stroma, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

122
Q

To produce a six-carbon glucose molecule, the Calvin Cycle must be completed ____ times, incorporating ____ carbon dioxide molecules each time.

A

six, three

123
Q

In addition to CO2, the light-independent reactions require an enzyme called ____ and three molecules of ____ to initiate the process.

A

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

Foundation (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions