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Foundation > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

The building blocks of life include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and _____.

A

lipids

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2
Q

Monomers are small molecules that bind to form a _____, while polymers are large molecules made from many smaller molecules called _____.

A

polymer,monomers

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3
Q

In carbohydrates, the monomer is _____ and the polymer is _____.

A

monosaccharides,polysaccharides

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4
Q

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the _____, and the resulting structure is called a _____.

A

monomers,polypeptides

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5
Q

The structure of biological molecules is crucial to understanding their ____ and _____.

A

function,structure

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6
Q

Covalent bonds are important in forming the structure of biological molecules, such as the carbon-_____ bond.

A

hydrogen

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7
Q

Condensation reactions are responsible for _____ biological molecules, while hydrolysis reactions are responsible for _____ them apart.

A

linking,splitting

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8
Q

The next lecture will cover the structure and function of _____, following today’s focus on carbohydrates, lipids, and _____.

A

nucleic acids,proteins

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9
Q

The size range of tissues and organs in our bodies is approximately _____ to _____ micrometers.

A

0.21

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10
Q

Molecular self-assembly occurs when lipids are placed in _____, demonstrating their ability to form structures without external guidance.

A

water

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11
Q

The process of joining two molecules with the removal of water is called ____ and the reverse process is called ____.

A

Condensation, Hydrolysis

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12
Q

Monosaccharides are single carbohydrate molecules that can exist in ____ or ____ forms.

A

straight chains, cyclic

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13
Q

Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides through a ____ bond, such as in ____ and ____.

A

glycosidic, maltose, sucrose

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14
Q

Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, which can be classified as ____ or ____ polysaccharides.

A

homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides

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15
Q

Starch is composed of two components: ____ and ____; the former is unbranched while the latter is branched.

A

amylose, amylopectin

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16
Q

The formula for carbohydrates is (CH₂O)ₙ, indicating they contain ____ , ____ , and ____.

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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17
Q

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is extensively branched and serves as an energy store in the ____ and ____ cells.

A

liver, muscle

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18
Q

The key energy source in living organisms is ____ which is a type of ____ carbohydrate.

A

glucose, monosaccharide

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19
Q

Cellulose is a structural unit found in ____ and is a type of ____ carbohydrate.

A

plants, polysaccharide

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20
Q

The addition of water to split a molecule into two smaller molecules is known as ____ and is the opposite of ____ .

A

Hydrolysis, Condensation

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21
Q

Cellulose is the structural unit of plant cell walls, made of long chains of ____ and is ____ in structure.

A

𝛽-glucose, unbranched

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22
Q

The strength of cellulose structure comes from ____ between straight cellulose molecules that lie ____ by side.

A

hydrogen bonds, side

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23
Q

Lipids are characterized by large amounts of ____ and ____ with a smaller amount of oxygen, making them ____ in water.

A

carbon, hydrogen, insoluble

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24
Q

The three main types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and ____.

A

steroids

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25
Q

Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol and ____ fatty acids, connected by ____ bonds.

A

3, ester

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26
Q

Phospholipids consist of one glycerol, two fatty acids, and a ____ group, making them essential for ____ structure.

A

phosphate, membrane

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27
Q

Mammals store fat in ____ cells, which serve as an energy source and provide ____ for vital organs.

A

adipose, protection

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28
Q

The subcutaneous fat layer provides ____ for the body, in addition to energy storage and organ protection.

A

insulation

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29
Q

Cellulose molecules are described as being ____ and ____ in their arrangement.

A

straight, unbranched

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30
Q

In lipids, the presence of a smaller amount of oxygen contributes to their ____ nature, making them different from ____.

A

hydrophobic, polymers

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31
Q

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a _____, shielding their _____ tails from water.

A

bilayer, hydrophobic

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32
Q

Steroids are lipids made of a carbon skeleton consisting of _____ fused rings, and cholesterol is a _____ molecule.

A

four, hydrophobic

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33
Q

Proteins are large polymers made up of long chains of _____, and nearly every cellular function depends on _____ .

A

amino acids, proteins

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34
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to different _____ called R groups, and they are organic molecules with _____ and amino groups.

A

side chains, carboxyl

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35
Q

The 20 amino acids that cells use to build _____ are essential for various cellular functions, including _____ and transport.

A

proteins, defense

36
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized in the _____ and is a component of _____ cell membranes.

A

liver, animal

37
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from _____, which is a type of lipid important for cellular functions.

A

cholesterol, lipid

38
Q

Proteins make up more than _____ of the dry mass of most cells and are involved in _____ support.

A

50%, structural

39
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is arranged in cell membranes to protect the _____ parts from the _____ environment.

A

hydrophobic, aqueous

40
Q

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____, and they play a crucial role in _____ communication.

A

proteins, cellular

41
Q

A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids linked by ____ bonds and has a unique sequence with a ____ end.

A

peptide, carboxyl

42
Q

The primary structure of a protein refers to its unique sequence of ____ acids, while the secondary structure consists of ____ and folds.

A

amino, coils

43
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by interactions among various ____ chains, while the quaternary structure involves multiple ____ chains.

A

side, polypeptide

44
Q

A functional protein is formed by one or more polypeptides that are ____ twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique ____.

A

precisely, shape

45
Q

Sickle-cell disease is an example of how a change in the primary structure of a protein can affect its ____ and ____ .

A

function, structure

46
Q

The four levels of protein structure include primary, secondary, tertiary, and ____ structure, which involves multiple polypeptide chains.

A

quaternary

47
Q

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions are types of ____ that contribute to protein structure, along with ____ bridges.

A

interactions, disulfide

48
Q

The specific activities of proteins are a result of their intricate ____ architecture and unique ____ .

A

3D, shape

49
Q

The building blocks of life include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and _____.

A

lipids

50
Q

In biological molecules, the monomer for carbohydrates is _____ and the polymer is _____.

A

monosaccharides, polysaccharides

51
Q

The monomer for nucleic acids is _____ and the polymer is _____.

A

nucleotides, DNA and RNA

52
Q

Understanding the structure of molecules is crucial to understanding their ____ and _____.

A

function, interactions

53
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology involves DNA, RNA, and _____.

A

protein

54
Q

Proteins are made up of amino acids, while nucleic acids are made up of _____.

A

nucleotides

55
Q

The hierarchical assemblies in our bodies include cells, tissues, and _____.

A

organs

56
Q

The types of molecules in biological systems include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and _____.

A

nucleic acids

57
Q

The structure and function of biomolecules are essential for understanding ____ and ____ in biology.

A

cellular processes, life functions

58
Q

In the context of biological molecules, lipids are categorized alongside proteins, nucleic acids, and _____.

A

carbohydrates

59
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is responsible for the ____ of proteins and is arranged in units called ____.

A

information, genes

60
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays a crucial role in the cellular machinery that ____ and links amino acids in the correct ____.

A

chooses, sequence

61
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into ____. This process is often summarized as ____ to RNA to protein.

A

proteins, DNA

62
Q

A nucleotide consists of three components: a nitrogenous ____, a five-carbon ____, and a phosphate ____.

A

base, sugar, group

63
Q

A nucleoside is made up of a nitrogenous base and a ____ group, while a nucleotide includes the ____ as well.

A

phosphate, sugar

64
Q

Nucleotides serve multiple functions in addition to being monomers for nucleic acids, including acting as specific ____ molecules and carrying chemical ____ like ATP.

A

signalling, energy

65
Q

In cellular processes, nucleotides can combine with other groups to form ____, such as coenzyme A, which is also known as ____.

A

enzymes, coA

66
Q

The structure of DNA consists of two ____ strands held together by ____ bonds between the paired bases.

A

antiparallel, hydrogen

67
Q

In the DNA double helix, the sugar-phosphate backbones are located on the ____ while the bases are on the ____.

A

outside, inside

68
Q

During DNA replication, the double helix serves as a ____ for its own ____.

A

template, duplication

69
Q

The addition of a deoxyribonucleotide occurs at the ____ end of a polynucleotide chain during DNA ____.

A

3’, synthesis

70
Q

In DNA, a purine base always pairs with a ____ base, specifically A with T and G with ____.

A

pyrimidine, C

71
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to ____ and from RNA to ____.

A

RNA, protein

72
Q

DNA replication is described as ____-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

A

semi

73
Q

The fundamental reaction for DNA synthesis involves the addition of a deoxyribonucleotide in the ____ direction.

A

5’-to-3’

74
Q

The structure of DNA is often described as a ____ helix, which was first proposed by Watson and ____ in 1953.

A

double, Crick

75
Q

Complementary base pairing in DNA involves A pairing with T through ____ hydrogen bonds and G pairing with C through ____ hydrogen bonds.

A

2, three

76
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is primarily ____-stranded, but it can fold into ____ structures.

A

single, specific

77
Q

The genetic code is essential for the function of ____ and is carried by ____ molecules.

A

proteins, RNA

78
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of ____ that plays a crucial role in ____ synthesis.

A

RNA, protein

79
Q

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) include structural types like rRNA and tRNA, but also ____ types that regulate gene expression.

A

regulatory

80
Q

In the context of RNA, snRNA and snoRNA are examples of ____ RNAs that have ____ functions.

A

non-coding, structural

81
Q

The recommended reading for understanding molecular biology includes ‘Molecular Biology of the Cell’ and ____ by Campbell.

A

Campbell Biology

82
Q

RNA molecules can fold into specific structures, which allows them to perform ____ functions beyond just ____ synthesis.

A

various, protein

83
Q

The structure of RNA is important because it allows for ____ interactions and the formation of ____ structures.

A

complex, functional

84
Q

Regulatory ncRNAs are important for controlling ____ and can influence the expression of ____ genes.

A

gene expression, target

85
Q

The study of RNA includes understanding its role in the genetic code and its ability to form ____ structures.

A

specific

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