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Life science > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define reproduction

A

Make more organisms or living things. Formation of new individuals

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2
Q

Why do all living things reproduce?

A

To make more individuals of the same type or species.

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3
Q

Why is it essential to reproduce?

A

The animals do not become extinct

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4
Q

Define extinct

A

Species has died out completely and there are no living member left

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5
Q

What does reproduction ensure?

A

Continuation or survival of species

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6
Q

What are the two ways of reproduction?

A
  1. Asexual
  2. Sexual
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7
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Without the use of sex cells

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8
Q

How do you know that it is sexual reproduction?

A

Has to have two parents

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9
Q

What are male reproductive organs?

A

Penis, sperm duct, testes, scrotum, urethra

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10
Q

What is the functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Make and store sperm
  • Place sperm in female
  • Secrete sex hormones
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11
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Place sperm inside female

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12
Q

What happens when the penis is erect?

A

Penis is swollen and extra blood is pumped - releases semen in penis

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13
Q

Define ejaculation

A

rapid release of semen from penis

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14
Q

What is the sperm duct also known as?

A

Vas deferents

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15
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

Tube that carries semen from testes to penis

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16
Q

What does the testes produce?

A

Sperm and make sex hormone

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17
Q

What is the male sex hormone?

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

Define sex hormone

A

Chemical that carries messages in the body

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19
Q

Where is the testes found?

A

Outside of body in scrotum

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20
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Bag of skin that holds the testes outside of the body

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21
Q

Why is the scrofula outside of the body?

A

Keep the balls at a temperature, that is slightly cooler than the body temperature

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22
Q

Why is the scornful suitable for the balls?

A

Suitable for making sperm - lower than 36°

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23
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube that carries semen and urine

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24
Q

Does the urethra carry semen and urine at the same time?

A

Never at the same time

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25
Q

What does the male gland release?

A

Fluids that is good for the sperm

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26
Q

What is the function of the fluids that are released by the male gland?

A

Provide the correct substances for the sperm to survive and swim to the egg

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27
Q

What does the pre-ejaculate released by the male gland do?

A

Cleans and lubricates the urethra

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28
Q

When does the production of sperm start?

A

During puberty

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29
Q

Where does the path of the sperm start?

A

2 testes outside of the body, produces sperm cells (36°)

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30
Q

Where are sperm cells stored?

A

In the epididymis, attracted to one side of the testes

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31
Q

What does sperm travel through?

A

Sperm duct or vas deferens, where it mixes with fluids from the male gland

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32
Q

Define semen

A

Mixture of sperm and fluid

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33
Q

Where does the sperm duct transport the sperm to?

A

From testes to penis

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34
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Fluid that provides the sperm with glucose - energy for respiration

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35
Q

Where does the urethra tube run through?

A

Penis

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36
Q

What does the urethra transports?

A

Urine and semen to exterior

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37
Q

Where does the penis deposits the sperm?

A

Into female

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38
Q

What does the erection enable?

A

The release of semen into the vagina

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39
Q

What is another name for sexual intercourse?

A

Copulation

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40
Q

Flow diagram of path of sperm

A

Testes -> vas deferens -> urethra -> exterior

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41
Q

What is another name fir the excretory system?

A

Uro-genital system

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42
Q

What does uro mean?

A

Urinary is excretion

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43
Q

Where does urine come from?

A

Kidneys

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44
Q

What does genital?

A

Male reproductive system

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45
Q

What is the common urethra?

A

Connect bladder to exterior

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46
Q

What is the excretory made of?

A

Different organs that work together to remove nitrogenous waste (urine)

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47
Q

Path of excretion

A

Renalar artery -> Kidney -> Renal Veins -> urethra -> ureter

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48
Q

What does the renalar artery enter?

A

Enter kidney - unpurified blood

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49
Q

Define reproduction

A

Make more organisms or living things. Formation of new individuals

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50
Q

What does the Renal veins do?

A

Purify his blood

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51
Q

What does the urethra and ureter do in the excretion?

A

Conduct urine

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52
Q

How is the bladder connected to the exterior?

A

Urethra opening

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53
Q

What does the urethra do in the excretion?

A

Stores urine from the kidney

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54
Q

What is the tail in the sperm?

A

Flagellum to swim to reach ovum - sperm motility

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55
Q

What is the midpiece in the sperm?

A

Many mitochondria release E, from glucose to bate

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56
Q

What is the nucleus in the sperm?

A

all paternal genetic material. contains DNA

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57
Q

What is the aerosome in the sperm?

A

Digestive enzyme to enter ovum

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58
Q

What are the reproductive organs for a female?

A

Vagina, uterus, ovaries, oviducts or fallopian tubes

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59
Q

Are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • provide suitable conditions for unborn fetus
  • produce a female sex cell
  • secrete female hormones
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60
Q

What are the two results of the female reproductive system?

A

Pregnancy and no pregnancy

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61
Q

What is pregnancy?

A

Keeps the lining in place for gestation (progesterone levels increase). No more ovum produced

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62
Q

What is not being pregnant?

A

Lining breaks down and sheds - progesterone levels decrease

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63
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Muscular tube also called the birth canal that opens to the outside

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64
Q

What does the vagina receive?

A

Penis

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65
Q

What does the vagina enable?

A

Rose of a baby

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66
Q

What does the vagina lead to?

A

Cervix

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67
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Hollow and thick muscular wall

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68
Q

What is the uterus the site of?

A

Site of place where baby grows

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69
Q

What is the uterus also known as?

A

Womb

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70
Q

What is the lining inside the uterus called? What is it useful?

A

Endometrium and the walls contract and relax

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71
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Releases an egg once a month

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72
Q

What does the ovaries produce?

A

Sex hormones

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73
Q

What does the ovary store?

A

Undeveloped ova from birth

74
Q

What does the fallopian tubes carry the egg from?

A

From the ovary to the uterus

75
Q

When does fertilisation occur?

A

When sperm meets the egg

76
Q

What is it called when the nucleus’ of the sperm and egg fuse?

77
Q

Where can fertilisation occur

A

Only occur in fallopian tubes

78
Q

What is the type of hair is is the fallopian tube is lined with?

A

cilia hairs

79
Q

What does the cilia hairs do?

A

Move Megalong

80
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Opening to uterus

81
Q

What is the cervix also called?

A

Neck of the womb

82
Q

What happens when an egg is released by an ovary?

A

The fallopian tube transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus

83
Q

What is the fallopian tubes transport the egg?

A

Cilia push along the egg

84
Q

What happens to the egg in the uterus?

A

The egg is broken down. The thick muscular wall called the endometrium breaks down

85
Q

What is the endometrium made out of?

A

Many blood vessels

86
Q

When does the egg go after it has passed the opening of the uterus

A

What’s the air passes the cervix it goes to the exterior

87
Q

Flowchart of the path of the egg

A

Ovary -> fallopian tube -> uterus -> vagina -> exterior

88
Q

When do new eggs start to mature?

A

Each month a new eggs start to mature from one ovary

89
Q

Define ovulation

A

Release of ripe egg from ovary

90
Q

Where is the egg released from?

A

The oviduct - once a month

91
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the oviduct

92
Q

Where does the egg start developing?

A

In the ovary

93
Q

What happens to the lining of the uterus when the egg is developing?

A

It starts to grow thicker

94
Q

How does the lining of the uterus grow thicker?

A

Thick layer of blood vessels

95
Q

Why does the uterus lining thicken every month?

A

In preparation for a fertilised egg, a place where a baby can grow

96
Q

How thick is the walls one week after ovulation?

A

Remains thick

97
Q

Why does the egg pass out of the body?

A

Egg is not fertilised

98
Q

How does the egg pass out of the body?

A

Through vagina

99
Q

Define menstruation

A

Breakdown of lining of the uterus that contains many blood vessels

100
Q

How long does menstruation last?

A

4 to 7 days

101
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

Series of changes that happen in the female reproductive organs

102
Q

What is the aim of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus ready for fertilised egg

103
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

104
Q

How many stages is there in the menstrual cycle?

A

Three stages

105
Q

Where does the menstrual cycle occur?

A

Ovary and uterus

106
Q

What is stage one of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation

107
Q

When is there a rich supply of mucus and blood vessels?

A

Before uterus lining is thick

108
Q

Why is the uterus needed?

A

For unborn baby to survive

109
Q

What happens to the uterus if a woman doesn’t fall pregnant?

A

Lining comes away - bleeding

110
Q

What does first day of period mean?

A

Day 1 of menstrual cycle

111
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

112
Q

Here is menstruation finished?

113
Q

What happens to the uterus after menstruation?

A

Lining of uterus thickens again

114
Q

When does ovulation take place?

115
Q

Where does the egg enter during ovulation?

A

Enters the fallopian tube

116
Q

What is stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

Movement of the egg - oviduct

117
Q

How is the egg moved toward the uterus?

A

Moved slowly by cilia

118
Q

Where does the ovum fuse with the sperm cell?

A

In fallopian tube

119
Q

What happens when sperm fuses with egg?

A

Woman may fall pregnant

120
Q

What happens on day 22 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus wall thick - ready for fertilised egg

121
Q

During which days may the woman fall pregnant?

A

Fertile period

122
Q

How long can a sperm survive in a woman?

A

2 to 3 days

123
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle does the fertile period occur?

A

Day 11 to 18

124
Q

What affects the safe time?

A

Stress and nutrition

125
Q

Define safe times

A

Sexual intercourse will not fertilise - no pregnancy

126
Q

Define copulation?

A

Process where erect pen is is placed in vagina

127
Q

How does the penis become erect?

A

Blood flows into it

128
Q

What stimulates the release of semen?

A

Movement of backwards and forwards

129
Q

What is the sperm pumped through during copulation?

A

Through sperm ducts and mixed with fluids

130
Q

Where is the semen ejaculated into?

131
Q

How do immature follicles develop?

A

Develop by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

132
Q

Where does the follicle stimulating hormone come from?

A

Pituitary gland (brain)

133
Q

What is the nature follicle called?

134
Q

During ovulation what happens to the graafian follicle?

A

Graafian follicle bursts

135
Q

What does the burst graafian follicle change into?

A

Yellow body

136
Q

What secretes progesterone?

A

Corpus Luteum - body thinks pregnant

137
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum breaks down?

A

No pregnancy- progesterone levels decrease

138
Q

What hormones does the ovary secrete?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

139
Q

What happens during day 0 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding phase - removal of endometrium

140
Q

What happens during day 6 to 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Rebuild of uterus lining

141
Q

What happens during day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation - ovum in fallopian tube

142
Q

Where does the sperm go in the vagina?

A

Sperm swims up uterus into oviducts

143
Q

What does a grown fertilised egg form?

A

Ball of cells

144
Q

Where does the fertilised egg travel from?

A

Oviduct to uterus

145
Q

Define embryo

A

Early developmental stage

146
Q

What happens to the fertilised egg in the uterus?

A

Sinks into the lining of the uterus - contains many blood vessels

147
Q

Define implantation

A

Embryo sinks into the king of the uterus that contains many blood vessels

148
Q

Define foetus

A

Human embryo after eight weeks of development

149
Q

What does contra mean?

150
Q

What does conception mean?

A

Fertilisation

151
Q

What does contraception mean?

A

Prevent fertilisation

152
Q

What is contraception also known as?

A

Birth control

153
Q

What is a condom?

A

Rubber sheath

154
Q

What is the condom rolled onto?

A

Rolled onto erect penis before sex

155
Q

What does the condom prevent?

A

Barrier and stops sperm from entering
Prevent fluids mixing between
Protect from sexually transmitted disease

156
Q

How is the condom reliable?

A

Used correctly

157
Q

How is a sexually transmitted disease spread?

A

From one person to another during sexual contact

158
Q

What are STD’s caused by?

A

Bacteria and parasites

159
Q

How is STD’s treated?

A

Antibiotics

160
Q

How is HIV/AIDS treated?

A

No cure for the virus - medicine to keep under control

161
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

Between ages of 10 and 15

162
Q

Define puberty

A

Stage in the human life cycle when the sexual organs mature for reproduction

163
Q

What happens to the testes during puberty?

A

To make sperm

164
Q

What happens to the ovaries during puberty?

A

Start to make eggs

165
Q

Who starts puberty first?

166
Q

When is puberty finished?

A

18 years old

167
Q

Define pituitary gland

A

Structure found at the base of the brain which starts to make hormones

168
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Tell hormones to tell organs what to do

169
Q

Define hormones

A

Chemicals that are made by glands and they speed up to slow down the activities of an organ

170
Q

Where are hormones released?

A

Pituitary gland into the blood stream - make reproductive organs active

171
Q

What do reproductive organs make?

A

Sex hormones

172
Q

What hormones do the testes make?

A

Testosterone

173
Q

What hormones do the ovaries make?

174
Q

What do testosterone and oestrogen do?

A

Cause changed to happen in the body

175
Q

What are examples of changes caused by sex hormones?

A

Menstruation, breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, deepening of mass voice

176
Q

What are the changes in the body during puberty known as?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

177
Q

Define secondary sexual characteristics

A

changes in the bodies of males and females that happen during puberty

178
Q

What are emotions?

A

String feelings about something or someone

179
Q

What psychological effects do emotional changes have?

A

Mood changes, low self esteem, aggression and depression

180
Q

What should you do if the emotional changes have a huge impact on your life?

A

Talk to someone close - good friend, relative or parent

Life science (14 decks)

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