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Life science > Digestive System And The Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

Digestive System And The Alimentary Canal Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the disorders of the digestive system?

A

* Malnutrition
* Obesity
* Tooth decay
* Diabetes
* Constipation
* Ulcers
* Diarrhoea
* Bowel habits

* Anorexia nervosa

* Liver Cirrhosis

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2
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

There are two types. It is a condition resulting from a lack of nutrients that are required for a healthy growth. Nutrients are lacking or too high in quantities or wrong proportions

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3
Q

What is overnutrition?

A

Too much food is consumed. For example diabetes and obesity

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4
Q

What is under nutrition?

A

Too little food is consumed

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5
Q

What is obesity?

A

A medical condition of having excessive amount of body fat caused eating too much or little exercise

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6
Q

What is tooth decay?

A

Too much sugar intake and poor oral hygiene

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7
Q

What is type two Diabetes?

A

Occurs when the body is not able to control the amount of sugar in the blood.

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8
Q

What is type two diabetes caused by?

A

Can be inherited
Caused by eating too much sugar
Living an inactive lifestyle

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9
Q

What is constipation?

A

A condition in which bowel movements occur less frequently and consists of hard and dry stools. Stools become hard and are difficult to pass

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10
Q

When does constipation occur?

A

When one does not consume enough fibre and little water

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11
Q

What can chronic constipation lead to?

A

It leads to haemorrhoids and colon cancer

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12
Q

What are ulcers?

A

Sores in the lining of the mouth and intestines. It is the result of wounds that do not heal properly. May be vitamin C deficiency. Breaks in skin or mucus in membrane. Stomach, mouth and intestines.

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13
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

A condition where a person has more than five bowl movements of watery stools per day

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14
Q

What can diarrhoea be caused by?

A

Artificial sweeteners and other additives

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15
Q

Define additives

A

Chemical substances that make food last longer and add flavour

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16
Q

What can eating large meals lead to?

A

A change in bowel habits. The urge to have bowel movements does not happen

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17
Q

What is another name for the alimentary canal?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

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18
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Made up of all the organs that play a role in digestion. It includes the alimentary canal and the liver

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19
Q

Define alimentary canal

A

The structures that food passes through. Food needs to be broken down into smaller particles

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20
Q

How many processes take place in the digestive system?

A

4 processes

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21
Q

What are the process of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion

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22
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The intake of food by biting, chewing and swallowing. It occurs in the mouth

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23
Q

What is digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical process that converts large complex insoluble foods into simple soluble nutrients. Break down of food into a form that can be absorbed. Occurs in stomach and small intestine

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24
Q

What is absorption?

A

Occur when soluble nutrients are taken up by the bloodstream.

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25
Q

How are nutrients and water dissolved in absorption?

A

By diffusion

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26
Q

What happens in the small intestine during absorption?

A

Good particles are broken down by digestion and are ready to be absorbed. Inner wall of small intestine

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27
Q

What happens with the villi and absorption?

A

Inner wall of small intestine is covered with millions of small villi (finger like projection). Villi contain blood vessels which absorb the digested nutrients. Nutrients are now transported into bloodstream to blood cells

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28
Q

What is egestion?

A

Occurs when undigested food materials called faeces are passed out of the body through the anus. Ingested food from alimentary canal

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29
Q

What are the digestive organs?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Duodenum
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Rectum
  9. Anus
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30
Q

What process of digestion takes place in the mouth?

A

Ingestion

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31
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Teeth and tongue crash and mash food. The mouth helps to mix the food with saliva and swallow

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32
Q

Define saliva

A

Liquid secreted into the mouth by salivary glands

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33
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A
  • Teeth break down the food into smaller pieces, which increases the surface area for attachment of chemicals, which further digest food
  • Tongue and palate rolls to eat food into a small ball which is called Bollus. This makes swallowing easier
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34
Q

What happens in the pharynx?

A

Common area for both the digestive and respiratory system

35
Q

What happens in the oesophagus?

A

Walls of the oesophagus and the rest of the canal a build up of muscle layers. The muscle layers contract and relax rhythmically in order to push food through the elementary canal. This movement is called peristalsis. It is a muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach

36
Q

Define pertistalsis

A

Rhythmic contraction of the muscle layers in the digestive canal that push food forward

37
Q

What are the functions of the oesophagus?

A
  • Transport food from the mouth to the stomach in the process of peristalsis
38
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Thick muscular walls contract in turn the stomach contents. It is a muscular organ. Movement break up the food into smaller parts for enzymes. It is secreted by the lining of the elementary canal to help break down food

39
Q

What process of diegstion takes place in the stomach?

A

Digestion

40
Q

Define enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

41
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • Peristalsis occurs in many different directions. This further breaks down food
  • Complex in soluble food converted into simple soluble substances
42
Q

What processes of digestion takes place in the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption

43
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A
  • Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice which contains different enzymes. The enzymes break down the food into substances that can be absorbed.
  • Walls are lined with millions of violet that absorb nutrients.
  • It is a long muscular tube
44
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • Digestion is completed here
  • Absorption occurs here and absorbs the nutrients
45
Q

What happens in the large intestine and the colon?

A
  • Absorbs water from waste back into the blood. Waste material becomes more compact and form stores or faeces
  • Mucus glands secrete mucus that makes the store smooth and easily removed
  • Colons store waste before egested
  • The rectum is the last part
46
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • Nutrients and water are absorbed
  • Faeces temporarily stored in the rectum
47
Q

What happens in the liver?

A
  • Largest gland in the body
  • Break down substances to form bile which assist in digestion process and stored in gallbladder
48
Q

What’s process of digestion takes place in the large intestine?

A

Absorption

49
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Stores are temporarily stored before egested

50
Q

What happens in the anus?

A

End opening of the digestive system. Wastes are egested. Opening through which faeces leave the body

51
Q

What process of digestion takes place in the anus?

A

Egestion

52
Q

Define diffusion

A

A process during which substances (nutrients) move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

53
Q

Define assimilation

A

Dissolved nutrients into the cells by diffusion

54
Q

Where do you nutrients move from and to and during diffusion?

A

Nutrients move from the small intestine into the blood capillaries by diffusion during absorption

55
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion

56
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

Large food particles are mechanic be broken down into small pieces. It is large insoluble complex substances to small substances. It is the physical breakdown of food by crushing, mashing and churning

57
Q

Where does mechanical digestions take place?

A

It takes place in the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and small intestine

58
Q

What happens in the mouth in terms of mechanical digestion?

A

The teeth physically break down crush and mash food. Tongue pushes food under the teeth and answer the palate which breaks food into small pieces

59
Q

What happens in the oesophagus in terms of mechanical digestion?

A

Peristalsis occurs here. It is contraction and relaxation. Pastel take wave takes place

60
Q

What takes place in the stomach in terms of mechanical digestion?

A

Turning movement of walls break down the food into smaller pieces. Peristalsis occur is here and it occurs in all directions. The Paris Deltic movement in the alimentary canal pushes the food forward and helps break down the food even further

61
Q

What takes place in the small intestine in terms of chemical digestions?

A

The bile breaks down fats into smaller droplets

62
Q

What is the function of mechanical digestion?

A

Breaks down food into smaller pieces

63
Q

What is the significance of mechanical digestion?

A
  • The surface area is increased as it breaks down the food into smaller pieces
64
Q

Does the increase of area of nutrients make chemical digestion more efficient?

A
  1. Faster process
  2. More product is produced
65
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

Small particles are chemically altered into nutrients. Breakdown of food into nutrients by means of chemical reactions which is broken down by enzymes

66
Q

What happens to the food during chemical digestion?

A

Insoluble food into simple soluble nutrients

67
Q

Where does chemical digestions take place?

A

It takes place in the mouth, stomach and small intestine

68
Q

What happens in the mouth in terms of chemical digestions?

A

Saliva re gland secrete saliva which contains enzymes which breaks down starch and therefore chemical digestions starts

69
Q

What happens in the stomach in terms of chemical digestion?

A

Hydrochloric acid is a digestive juice secreted by glands in the lining of the stomach. It contains enzymes which chemically out of food particles in the substances that are soluble in water and unable to be a absorbed into the bloodstream

70
Q

Define soluble

A

Nutrients dissolved in water

71
Q

Why does the nutrients in the stomach have to be soluble?

A

It needs to be soluble as it cannot get into the cells

72
Q

What do enzymes speed up the conversion of?

A

Enzymes speed up conversions of complex in soluble substances into so simple soluble nutrients

73
Q

What takes place in the small intestine in terms of chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes are secreted by intestinal glands

74
Q

Why is there such as a digestive system?

A

It breaks down food into dissolved nutrients which can be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the cells

75
Q

Define nutrients

A

And ingredient which nourishes the body. For example glucose

76
Q

What can stomach ulcers because by?

A

By bacteria

77
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

It is an eating disorder which causes people to obsess about the food they eat. It is the fear of gaining weight.

78
Q

What does a person that suffers from anorexia nervosa do to maintain or loose weight?

A

They may starve themselves or exercise excessively

79
Q

Define faeces

A

Waste material which is excreted through the anus

80
Q

What can diarrhoea because by?

A

It may be caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria

81
Q

What is liver Cirrhosis?

A

It was the disease of the liver where the liver tissue is replaced with abnormal nodules or connective tissue

82
Q

What is liver cirrhosis caused by?

A

Drinking too much alcohol

83
Q

Why should digestion occur?

A

Break down food into a form that can be absorbed and soluble in water

84
Q

What does increased surface area allow?

A

Increase surface area allows for greater attachment of enzymes for chemical digestion which makes chemical digestion more efficient

Life science (14 decks)

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