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Semester 2 Biological Sciences 2 > Human Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Human Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

the development of a human embryo, which occurs during the early stages of prenatal development

A

human embryogenesis

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2
Q

occurs between fertilization and birth

A

prenatal development

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3
Q

what are the three periods of prenatal development

A

pre-implantation period
embryonic period
fetal period

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4
Q

what time frame does the pre-implantation period occur in

A

1st week

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5
Q

what time frame does the embryonic period occur in

A

2nd to 8th week

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6
Q

what time frame does the fetal period occur in

A

3rd to 9th month

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7
Q

in the pre-implantation period, the zygote forms into a __________

A

blastocyst

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8
Q

in the embryonic period, the blastocyst forms into an _________

A

embryo

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9
Q

in the fetal period, the embryo forms into a _________

A

fetus

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10
Q

disturbances in prenatal development can produce _______ ________

A

birth defects

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11
Q

structural or functional disorders that are present at birth

A

congenital malformations

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12
Q

when do most congenital malformations occur

A

during embryogenesis

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13
Q

when looking at teratogenic sensitivity, if exposure is very early (up to 4 weeks), what happens

A

death of the conceptus

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14
Q

when looking at teratogenic sensitivity, if exposure is between 4 and 8 weeks, what happens

A

significant structural anomalies

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15
Q

when looking at teratogenic sensitivity, if exposure happens after 10 weeks, what happens

A

the effect may be unnoticed

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16
Q

what happens during fertilization

A

egg and sperm unite

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17
Q

what is another name for egg and sperm

A

gametes

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18
Q

gametes contain _______ the complement of chromosomes found in other human cells

A

half

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19
Q

a cell has half the number of chromosomes

A

haploid

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20
Q

DNA is divided into _________

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

each chromosome contains _________

A

genes

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22
Q

a segment of DNA that provides instructions for making a cell

A

gene

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23
Q

different versions of the same gene

A

alleles

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24
Q

chromosomes 1-22

A

autosomes

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25
Q

members of each pair of chromosome are __________

A

homologous

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26
Q

which chromosome is the sex chromosome

A

chromosome 23

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27
Q

somatic cells are produced by _________

A

mitosis

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28
Q

duplicated chromosomes pack and the spindle preps

A

prophase

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29
Q

chromosomes meet in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

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30
Q

duplicated chromosomes split apart and move to opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

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31
Q

two new nuclei form

A

telophase

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32
Q

cytoplasm divides to form two new cells

A

cytokinesis

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33
Q

gametes are haploid and form by _______

A

meiosis

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34
Q

homologous pairs of duplicated chromosomes meet up and then split up during the first division, duplicated chromosomes split apart in the second division

A

extra division

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35
Q

does mitosis or meiosis have extra division

A

meiosis

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36
Q

how is genetic material exchanged in meiosis

A

crossing over

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37
Q

when step of meiosis is occurring when homologous chromosome pairs meet up and exchange genetic material through crossing over

A

prophase 1

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38
Q

does mitosis or meiosis create genetic variance

A

meiosis

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39
Q

how many daughter cells are created in mitosis

A

2

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40
Q

how many daughter cells are created in meiosis

A

4

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41
Q

meiosis in female gametes does not complete until __________

A

fertilization

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42
Q

in females, meiosis pauses at ___________

A

metaphase II

43
Q

in order for fertilization to occur, what must the sperm do

A

reach the egg in the ampulla and penetrate the zone pellucida

44
Q

an extracellular matrix surrounding the ovum

A

zona pelluicda

45
Q

sperm releases enzymes that break down some of the ________ _________, making a path for the sperm

A

zona pellucida

46
Q

after fertilization, the zona pellucida remains around the ________ until it hatches before implantation

A

zygote

47
Q

what are the genetic factors that may affect development

A

aneuploidy, genetic mutations, and structural chromosomal anomalies

48
Q

individual inherits an extra or missing chromosome

A

aneuploidy

49
Q

individual may inherit an allele with a disease causing mutation from one or both parents

A

genetic mutations

50
Q

what is an example of an aneuploidy

A

Down syndrome

51
Q

what is an example of a genetic mutation

A

apert syndrome

52
Q

caused by errors in DNA replication or environmental factors including DNA damage

A

structural chromosomal anomalies

53
Q

fertilized egg

A

zygote

54
Q

are zygotes diploid or haploid

A

diploid

55
Q

zygote undergoes mitosis and quickly splits into more and more cells without stopping to grow

A

cleavage

56
Q

when does cleavage occur

A

preimplantation

57
Q

in preimplantation, the zygote starts to travel to the _________, where it will hatch from the zona pellucida and embed in the cell wall of the uterus

A

uterus

58
Q

cells in the morula continue to divide, but also start to differentiate and secrete fluid

A

differentiation

59
Q

the process by which a cell becomes a specific type of cell and specialized in certain functions

A

differentiation

60
Q

cleavage gives rise to a ball of cells

A

morula

61
Q

as a result of further division and differentiation, the morula developed into a ________

A

blastocyst

62
Q

small cluster of cells in blastocysts

A

embryoblast

63
Q

blastocysts consists of:

A

embryoblast
blastocoel
trophoblasts

64
Q

a fluid filled space inside of a blastocyst

A

blastocoel

65
Q

a layer of cells in blastocysts

A

trophoblasts

66
Q

when does implantation occur

A

around day 7

67
Q

at the end of the first week, the blastocyst hatches out of the _________ _________

A

zona pellucida

68
Q

when do trophoblasts attach and invade the lining of the uterine wall

A

implantation

69
Q

when does the formation of the bilaminar embryo occur

A

second week

70
Q

when does the embryoblast reorganize into a flat, bilayered disc with the amniotic cavity and yolk sac on either side

A

during the formation of the bilaminar embryo

71
Q

what are the two cell layers of the bilayered disc

A

epiblast layer and hypoblast layer

72
Q

tall columnar cells lining facing the amniotic cavity

A

epiblast layer

73
Q

flat/cuboidal layer facing the yolk sac

A

hypoblast layer

74
Q

the process by which the bilaminar embryo is converted into a 3-layered trilaminar embryo

A

gastulation

75
Q

gastrulation involves the migration of some cells in the __________ layer toward the __________ layer

A

epiblast
hypoblast

76
Q

extends from the caudal end of the developing embryo to about half way toward the cephalic end and ends in the primitive node

A

primitive streak

77
Q

during gastrulation, cells continue to migrate below the ________ layer

A

epiblast

78
Q

as a result of gastrulation, the migratory epiblast cells displace the hypoblast layer and form what two layers

A

mesoderm and endoderm

79
Q

the cells that do not displace to the hypoblast layer and remain in the epiblast become what

A

the ectoderm

80
Q

what will the ectoderm form

A

epidermis, salivary glands, and nervous system

81
Q

what will the mesoderm form

A

bones, cartilage, muscles, connective tissues, lymphatic system, blood cells and cardiovascular system,

82
Q

what will the endoderm form

A

lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system

83
Q

two areas where there is not a middle layer of mesoderm

A

oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane

84
Q

what will the oropharyngeal membrane eventually form

A

mouth

85
Q

what will the cloacal membrane eventually form

A

anus

86
Q

where in the embryo is the oropharyngeal membrane located

A

cephalic end

87
Q

where in the embryo is the cloacal membrane located

A

caudal end

88
Q

in the areas surround the oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane, what happens

A

ectoderm and endoderm fuse to prevent growth of mesoderm in between

89
Q

some ectoderm cells also migrate from the primitive node towards the cranial end of the developing embryo to form a rod structure called __________

A

the notochord

90
Q

what is the notochord important for

A

inducing the formation of a structure called the neural tube in the next stage of embryogenesis

91
Q

when does the formation of the trilaminar embryo take place

A

around the 4th to 6th week

92
Q

what major events take place after the formation of the trilaminar embryo

A

the neural tube forms
appearance and migration of neural crest cells
lateral and cephalocaudal folding of embryo

93
Q

formation of the neural tube

A

neurulation

94
Q

the notochord induces thickening of the __________

A

ectoderm

95
Q

the neural plate moves down towards the notochord to form the ________ ___________

A

neural groove

96
Q

margins of groove are raised and are called ________

A

neural folds

97
Q

neural folds fuse to form a tube beneath the ectoderm called the ________

A

neural tube

98
Q

the neural tube will give rise to the _________

A

spinal chord and brain

99
Q

what is a result of the failure of the posterior neural tube closing

A

spina bifida

100
Q

what is the process that the special cells at the edges of the neural plate undergo called

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition

101
Q

what are the cells at the edges of the neural plate called

A

neural crest cells

102
Q

where do neural crest cells migrate to

A

mesoderm

103
Q

while the neural tube is forming, the mesoderm is differentiating into what

A

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm

104
Q

paraxial mesoderm adjacent to the neural tube will become _______

A

somites

Semester 2 Biological Sciences 2 (16 decks)

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