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Semester 2 Biological Sciences 2 > Cumulative Final > Flashcards

Cumulative Final Flashcards

1
Q

back of the head

A

occipital

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2
Q

temple area, sides of the head

A

temporal

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2
Q

forehead region, anterior cranial vault

A

frontal

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3
Q

eye region/orbit

A

orbital

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4
Q

underneath the eye/orbit

A

infraorbital

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5
Q

cheekbone area

A

zygomatic

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6
Q

cheek, from perioral to ear

A

buccal

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7
Q

chin

A

mental

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8
Q

nose

A

nasal

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9
Q

at or close to the surface

A

superficial

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10
Q

farther from surface

A

deep

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11
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory

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12
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic

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13
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor

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14
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

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15
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

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16
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

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17
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial

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18
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

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19
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal

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20
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus

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21
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory

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22
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal

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23
Q

which cranial nerves are sensory

A

I- olfactory
II- optic
VIII- vestibulocochlear

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24
Q

which cranial nerves are motor

A

III- oculomotor
IV- trochlear
VI- abducens
XI- accessory
XII- hypoglossal

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25
Q

which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor

A

V- trigeminal
VII- facial
IX- glossopharyngeal
X- vagus

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26
Q

what does cranial nerve I (olfactory) signify

A

smell

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27
Q

what does cranial nerve II (optic) signify

A

vision

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28
Q

what does cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear) signify

A

balance and hearing

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29
Q

what does cranial nerve III (oculomotor) signify

A

most of the eye muscles

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30
Q

what does cranial nerve IV (trochlear) signify

A

one extraocular muscle

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31
Q

what does cranial nerve VI (abducens) signify

A

one extraocular muscle

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32
Q

what does cranial nerve XI (accessory) signify

A

trapezius, SCM

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33
Q

what does cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) signify

A

tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)

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34
Q

what is the afferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

A

face and oral cavity, general sensation in anterior 2/3 of tongue

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35
Q

what is the efferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

A

muscles of mastication

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36
Q

what is the afferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)

A

taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue

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37
Q

what is the efferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)

A

muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

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38
Q

what is the afferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

A

general sensation and taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue

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39
Q

what is the efferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

A

stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic innervation of parotid salivary gland

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40
Q

what is the afferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)

A

taste in epiglottis

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41
Q

what is the efferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)

A

muscles of soft palate and pharynx, parasympathetic innervation of organs in thorax and abdomen

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42
Q

what is the main motor nerve of the tongue

A

hypoglossal (CN XII)

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43
Q

what are the general sensory nerves of the tongue

A

anterior 2/3: trigeminal (CN V)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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44
Q

what are the special sensory nerves of taste of the tongue

A

anterior 2/3: chorda tympani of facial (CN VII)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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45
Q

what are the three divisions of cranial nerve V

A

V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular

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46
Q

what is the afferent function of V1

A

upper face

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47
Q

what is the afferent function of V2

A

midface, upper teeth, palate, anterior temporal region

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48
Q

what is the afferent function of V3

A

lower face, posterior temporal region, lower teeth, floor of mouth, general sensation from body of tongue

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49
Q

what is the efferent function of V3

A

muscles of mastication and mylohyoid muscle

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50
Q

V1 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the orbit

A

superior orbital fissure

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51
Q

V2 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the pterygopalatine fossa

A

foramen rotundum

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52
Q

V3 passes through the _______________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the infratemporal fossa

A

foramen ovale

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53
Q

what does the zygomatic nerve innervate

A

skin of upper cheek

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54
Q

what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

A

nasal septum, most anterior part of hard palate, palatal gingiva of anterior maxillary teeth

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55
Q

what does the greater palatine nerve innervate

A

hard palate, palatal gingiva of posterior maxillary teeth

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56
Q

what does the lesser palatine nerve innervate

A

soft palate

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57
Q

what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve innervate

A

maxillary molars and their buccal gingiva

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58
Q

what does the middle superior alveolar nerve innervate

A

maxillary premolars and their buccal gingiva, mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar

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59
Q

what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve innervate

A

maxillary incisors and canines and their buccal gingiva

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60
Q

what are the branches of the infraorbital nerve

A

middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves

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61
Q

what do the deep temporal nerves innervate

A

temporalis muscle

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62
Q

what does the medial pterygoid nerve innervate

A

medial pterygoid muscle

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63
Q

what does the lateral pterygoid nerve innervate

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

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64
Q

what does the buccal nerve innervate

A

buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth posterior to mental foramen, cheek

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65
Q

what does the masseteric nerve innervate

A

masster muscle

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66
Q

what does the lingual nerve innervate

A

body of tongue, lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth, floor of mouth

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67
Q

what does the mylohyoid nerve innervate

A

mylohyoid muscle

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68
Q

what does the mental nerve innervate

A

buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen, chin, lower lip

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69
Q

what does the incisive nerve innervate

A

mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen

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70
Q

what does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate

A

mandibular teeth

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71
Q

portion of the jawbone that contains, supports and protects the teeth

A

alveolar process

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72
Q

branches of the trigeminal nerve travel through the ___________________, the foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone

A

superior orbital fissure

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73
Q

what part of the TMJ allows for hinging or rotating

A

condyle rotates in fossa

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74
Q

what part of the TMJ allows for sliding or translating

A

condyle slides forward

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75
Q

movement of the TMJ is mediated by the what

A

muscles of mastication

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76
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids, and lateral pterygoids

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77
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the temporalis

A

origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process of mandible
action: mandible elevation and retraction

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78
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the masseter muscle

A

origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: lateral surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation

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79
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the medial pterygoids

A

origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation

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80
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the lateral pterygoids

A

origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: mandibular condyle and articular disc
action: contraction of lateral pterygoids

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81
Q

what muscles close the jaw

A

masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid

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82
Q

what muscle retracts the jaw

A

temporalis

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83
Q

what muscle protracts the jaw

A

lateral and medial pterygoids

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84
Q

what muscle creates lateral excursion of the jaw

A

lateral and medial pterygoids

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85
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
action: flex, bend and rotate the head

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86
Q

what is the origin, insertion, and action of the trapezius muscle

A

origin: occipital bone and some vertebrae
insertion: lateral portion of the clavicle and scapula
action: shrug shoulders

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87
Q

muscles of facial expression mostly originate from _________ and insert into _________

A

bone
skin

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88
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohypid

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89
Q

what forms the floor of the mouth

A

mylohyoid

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90
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid

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91
Q

what are the extrinsic tongue muscles

A

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus

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92
Q

what is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

change the shape of the tongue

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93
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

superior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, and inferior longitudinal

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94
Q

what do the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles form

A

tonsillar pillars

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95
Q

what is the action of the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles

A

pull the soft palate down and the tongue up during swallowing

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96
Q

the left side of the heart receives oxygen rich blood returning from where

A

the lungs

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97
Q

after receiving oxygen rich blood, the left side of the heart then pumps blood into a major artery called the what

A

aorta

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98
Q

what does the aorta do

A

distributes blood around the rest of the body

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99
Q

blood flows from the aorta to the upper body via ____________

A

arteries

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100
Q

what does the branchiocephalic artery divide into

A

right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

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101
Q

what does the right common carotid artery arise from

A

branchiocephalic artery

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102
Q

what does the left common carotid artery arise from

A

arch of aorta

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103
Q

the common carotid arteries separate into the external carotid and internal carotid arteries at the level of the ____________________

A

upper thyroid cartilage

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104
Q

has no branches in the neck and supplies the brain, eyes, and portion of the forehead

A

internal carotid artery

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105
Q

supplies teeth, muscles of mastication, tongue, face, and lips

A

external carotid artery

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106
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery

A
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. lingual artery
  4. facial artery
  5. occipital artery
  6. posterior auricular artery
  7. maxillary artery
  8. superficial temporal artery
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107
Q

what branch of the external carotid artery supplies muscles of mastication, jaws, and teeth

A

maxillary artery

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108
Q

what does the inferior alveolar artery supply

A

mandibular teeth and gives rise to the mylohyoid artery, incisive artery, and mental artery

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109
Q

what does the incisive artery supply

A

anterior mandibular teeth

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110
Q

what does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply

A

posterior maxillary teeth

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111
Q

arteries carry blood to what

A

tissues

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112
Q

what do arteries branch into

A

capillaries

113
Q

fluid containing nutrients leaves blood in capillaries and enters what

A

interstitial fluid

114
Q

fluid containing waste leaves interstitial fluid and enters what

A

capillaries

115
Q

what can be pierced during administration of local anesthetic

A

cavernous sinus

116
Q

drains blood from areas supplies by maxillary artery

A

pterygoid plexus

117
Q

what pterygoid plexus drains into what

A

maxillary vein

118
Q

is the internal jugular vein larger or smaller than the external jugular vein

A

larger

119
Q

formed by merger of posterior division of retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein

A

external jugular vein

120
Q

the external jugular veins drain into the what

A

subclavian veins

121
Q

the internal jugular veins merge with the subclavian veins to form the right and left what

A

brachiocephalic veins

122
Q

brachiocephalic veins drain into the _____________, which delivers blood back to the heart

A

superior vena cava

123
Q

lymph nodes are __________ lymphoid organs

A

secondary

124
Q

lymph nodes are bean shaped structures containing collections of what

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

125
Q

lymph nodes can be broadly classified as what

A

superficial or deep

126
Q

superficial lymph nodes drain to what

A

deep lymph nodes

127
Q

superior deep lymph nodes drain to what

A

inferior deep lymph nodes

128
Q

inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain into what

A

jugular trunks

129
Q

lymph drains from the jugular trunks into what

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

130
Q

what are the superficial lymph nodes in the head

A

occipital, retroauricular, anterior auricular, superficial parotid, and facial

131
Q

what are the superficial lymph nodes in the neck

A

submandibular and submental

132
Q

where are submental lymph nodes located

A

below the chin near the midline

133
Q

what do the submental lymph nodes drain

A

mandibular incisors

134
Q

what do the submental lymph nodes drain INTO

A

submandibular nodes or directly to deep cervical lymph nodes

135
Q

where are submandibular lymph nodes located

A

close to the angle of the mandible

136
Q

the submandibular lymph nodes drain all teeth except which ones

A

mandibular incisors and sometimes third molars

137
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes are divided into what

A

superior and inferior groups

138
Q

the deep cervical lymph nodes include what other nodes

A

jugulodigastric and jugulo-omohyoid nodes

139
Q

what do the deep cervical lymph nodes drain into

A

jugular trunks

140
Q

what do the superior deep cervical lymph nodes drain

A

third molars (specifically maxillary)

141
Q

the development of a human embryo, which occurs during the first two periods of prenatal development

A

human embryogenesis

142
Q

what are the three periods of prenatal development

A

preimplantation period, embryonic period, and fetal period

143
Q

during the preimplantation period, the zygote becomes what

A

blastocyst

144
Q

during the embryonic period, the blastocyst becomes what

A

embryo

145
Q

during the fetal period, the embryo becomes what

A

fetus

146
Q

fusion of male and female gametes

A

fertilization

147
Q

what produces gametes

A

meiosis

148
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes

149
Q

what is the male gamete called

A

spermatozoon

150
Q

what is the female gamete called

A

oocyte

151
Q

diploid

A

23 pairs/46 chromosomes

152
Q

zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a ball of cells called what

A

morula

153
Q

the blastocyst hatches from the __________________ and implants in the uterus while the cells in the inner cell mass differentiate into epiblasts and hypoblasts

A

zona pellucida

154
Q

epiblasts and hypoblasts that develop from the inner cell mass arrange into a what

A

bilaminar embryonic disc

155
Q

the bilaminar disc undergoes what to form three germ layers

A

gastrulation

156
Q

cells in the epiblast layer start to invade the hypoblast layer in a process called

A

gastrulation

157
Q

gastrulation produces three new layers originating from epiblast cells:

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

158
Q

some cells also form a rod like structure called the __________ below the ectoderm

A

notochord

159
Q

above the notochord the ectoderm folds up into a tube, __________________, in a process called neurulation

A

neural tube

160
Q

will form the epidermis, nails, hair, glands, and the nervous system

A

ectoderm

161
Q

will form bones, cartilage, muscles, connective tissues, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, and blood cells and bone marrow

A

mesoderm

162
Q

will form the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system, digestive organs, thyroid, parathyroid, and tonsils

A

endoderm

163
Q

what week do the branchial arches develop in

A

4th week

164
Q

neural crest cells invade the mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm to form what

A

ectomesenchyme

165
Q

what CN is associated with the first branchial arch

A

CN V

166
Q

what CN is associated with the second branchial arch

A

CN VII

167
Q

what cranial nerve is associated with the third branchial arch

A

CN IX

168
Q

what cranial nerve is associated with the fourth branchial arch

A

CN X

169
Q

muscles of mastication are associated with which branchial arch

A

first

170
Q

muscles of facial expression are associated with which branchial arch

A

second

171
Q

the anterior 2/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch

A

first

172
Q

the posterior 1/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch

A

third

173
Q

lateral and medial nasal processes will develop from here

A

frontonasal process

174
Q

are outgrowths from the mandibular processes

A

right and left maxillary processes

175
Q

fuse to form the mandibular arch- the first branchial arch

A

right and left mandibular processes

176
Q

what does the frontonasal process give rise to

A

forehead, nose, philtrum, part of palate, and upper incisors

177
Q

what do the maxillary processes give rise to

A

temporal bones, zygomatic bones, cheeks, sides of upper lip, most of maxilla, most of palate, and most of the upper dentition

178
Q

what do the mandibular processes give rise to

A

lower lip, mandible, and lower dentition

179
Q

the medial nasal processes fuse to form what

A

center of nose, philtrum, and middle of upper lip

180
Q

what do the lateral nasal processes form

A

alae of the nose

181
Q

what do the maxillary processes fuse to form

A

medial nasal processes to form sides of upper lip

182
Q

what forms the primary palate

A

medial nasal processes

183
Q

palatal shelves grow from what

A

maxillary processes

184
Q

what forms the secondary palate

A

palatal shelves

185
Q

primary palate fuses with secondary palate to form the final plate that divides what

A

oral and nasal cavities

186
Q

what forms the nasal septum

A

fusion of medial nasal processes

187
Q

maxillary incisors will develop from the what

A

medial nasal processes

188
Q

maxillary canines and posterior teeth will develop from what

A

maxillary processes

189
Q

mandibular teeth will develop from what

A

mandibular processes

190
Q

the process of tooth development

A

odontogenesis

191
Q

when does odontogenesis begin

A

during weeks 6/7 of prenatal development

192
Q

thickening of the oral epithelium produces primary epithelial band, which will form dental lamina

A

initiation (thickening)

193
Q

where an individual tooth will form, the dental lamina proliferates into a bud; ectomesenchyme condenses around bud

A

bud stage

194
Q

tooth germs form; enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac

A

cap stage

195
Q

cells in each part of the tooth germ continue to differentiate and the cervical loop extends

A

bell stage

196
Q

secretion of dentin and enamel

A

apposition stage

197
Q

tissues fully mineralize

A

maturation stage

198
Q

enamel organ will form

A

enamel

199
Q

dental papilla will form

A

dentin and pulp

200
Q

dental follicle will form

A

PDL, cementum, alveolar bone

201
Q

enamel organ is composed of outer enamel epithelium stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and _____________

A

inner enamel epithelium

202
Q

dental papilla contains _________ and ___________

A

outer cells of dental papilla and central cells of dental papilla

203
Q

amelogenesis proceeds from __________ outwards

A

DEJ

204
Q

dentinogenesis proceeds from DEJ ____________

A

inwards

205
Q

develop from successional dental lamina

A

succedaneous teeth

206
Q

develop from posterior extension of dental lamina called the accessional dental lamina

A

nonsuccedaneous teeth

207
Q

development of permanent dentition begins with anterior teeth around week _________

A

10

208
Q

movement of developing tooth within the jawbone

A

pre-eruptive

209
Q

eruptive movement of tooth towards functional position

A

pre-function

210
Q

tooth in occlusion, post eruptive movement maintains position in occlusion

A

function (post eruptive)

211
Q

what are the firm primary teeth to erupt

A

central incisors

212
Q

what are the first permanent teeth to erupt

A

1st molars

213
Q

enamel is what percent hydroxyapatite

A

95-96%

214
Q

what is the main organic component of enamel

A

amelogenin

215
Q

enamel is formed by what

A

ameloblasts

216
Q

secrete enamel in rods once they develop ____________

A

tome’s process

217
Q

rods become fully mineralized during the __________ phase of amelogenesis

A

maturation

218
Q

enamel rods run from the ________ to the surface of the enamel

A

DEJ

219
Q

incremental lines of growth

A

striae of retzius

220
Q

dentin is what percent hydroxyapatite

A

70%

221
Q

what is the origin of dentin

A

dental papilla

222
Q

dentin is formed by what

A

odontoblasts

223
Q

odontoblast cell bodies reside in what

A

pulp

224
Q

run from the DEJ to mull and contain odontoblast processes

A

dentinal tubules

225
Q

dentinal tubules follow a ___________ shaped curved

A

primary S

226
Q

incremental lines of dentin growth

A

imbrication lines of von ebner

227
Q

what percent is pulp mineralized

A

0% (its not mineralized)

228
Q

what is the origin of pulp

A

dental papilla

229
Q

pulp is protected by what

A

dentin

230
Q

what are the four zones of pulp

A

odontoblast layer
cell free zone
cell rich zone
pulpal core

231
Q

what percent mineralized is cementum

A

50-65%

232
Q

what is the origin of cementum

A

dental follicle/sac

233
Q

cementum is formed by what

A

cementoblasts

234
Q

cementum is attached to what

A

PDL

235
Q

alveolar bone contains _________ to house the roots of the teeth

A

alveoli

236
Q

lines each alveolus, supporting alveolar bone makes up the rest of the alveolar process

A

alveolar bone proper

237
Q

what percent mineralized is alveolar bone

A

60%

238
Q

what is the origin of the alveolar bone

A

dental follicle/sac

239
Q

the alveolar bone is formed by what

A

osteoblasts

240
Q

what type of epithelium is the oral mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium

241
Q

the oral mucosa can be what

A

keratinized or nonkeratinized

242
Q

keratinized epithelia can be what

A

orthokeratinized or parakeratinized

243
Q

how many layers are there to the oral mucosa

A

3 or 4 layers

244
Q

keratinized cells contain keratin an nuclei

A

parakeratinized

245
Q

keratinized cells only contain keratin, no nuclei

A

orthokeratinized

246
Q

what type of epithelium does the lining mucosa have

A

nonkeratinized

247
Q

the lining mucosa is ____________ and ____________

A

stretchy and soft

248
Q

masticatory mucosa is what type of epithelium

A

keratinized

249
Q

the masticatory mucosa is _____________

A

rubbery

250
Q

gingiva and hard palate are what type of mucosa

A

masticatory

251
Q

what are the types of lingual papillae

A

filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

252
Q

what types of specialized mucosa have taste buds

A

fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

253
Q

what are present on the dorsal surface of the tongue

A

circumvallate, filiform, and fungiform

254
Q

what is present on the lateral surface of the tongue

A

foliate papillae

255
Q

what glands have ducts

A

exocrine glands

256
Q

endocrine glands release secretions into where

A

blood or fluid tissue

257
Q

what type of glands are salivary glands

A

exocrine glands

258
Q

secretory cells may be what

A

serous or mucous

259
Q

in front of and below ears

A

parotid gland

260
Q

what type of secretions do the parotid gland give

A

serous only

261
Q

secretions of the parotid gland are stimulated by what cranial nerve

A

CN IX

262
Q

produce 25% of total saliva

A

parotid gland

263
Q

produce 60-65% of total saliva

A

submandibular gland

264
Q

what type of secretions do submandibular glands give

A

mixed, but mostly serous

265
Q

what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in submandibular glands

A

CN VII

266
Q

what gland is the smallest of all major glands

A

sublingual

267
Q

product about 5-10% of saliva

A

sublingual glands

268
Q

what type of secretion do sublingual glands give

A

mixed, but mostly mucous

269
Q

what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in the sublingual gland

A

CN VII

270
Q

what duct passes over the masseter muscle

A

parotid duct

271
Q

the parotid duct pierces what muscle

A

buccinator

272
Q

the parotid duct empties into the oral cavity near what

A

secondary maxillary molars

273
Q

where do the submandibular ducts empty into

A

anterior floor of the mouth at sublingual caruncles

274
Q

the sublingual glands empty into several small ducts that open along the sublingual folds:

A

the ducts of Rivinus

275
Q

the sublingual folds each have one major duct:

A

bartholin’s duct

276
Q

what percent of saliva do minor salivary glands produce

A

5%

277
Q

where are minor salivary glands located

A

buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, lateral posterior hard palate, soft palate, tongue palatoglossal arch, and floor of mouth

278
Q

what type of secretions do minor salivary glands give

A

mostly mucous

279
Q

the glands of von ebner at the base of the circumvallate papillae are what

A

serous

Semester 2 Biological Sciences 2 (16 decks)

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