Cumulative Final Flashcards
back of the head
occipital
temple area, sides of the head
temporal
forehead region, anterior cranial vault
frontal
eye region/orbit
orbital
underneath the eye/orbit
infraorbital
cheekbone area
zygomatic
cheek, from perioral to ear
buccal
chin
mental
nose
nasal
at or close to the surface
superficial
farther from surface
deep
cranial nerve I
olfactory
cranial nerve II
optic
cranial nerve III
oculomotor
cranial nerve IV
trochlear
cranial nerve V
trigeminal
cranial nerve VI
abducens
cranial nerve VII
facial
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal
cranial nerve X
vagus
cranial nerve XI
accessory
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal
which cranial nerves are sensory
I- olfactory
II- optic
VIII- vestibulocochlear
which cranial nerves are motor
III- oculomotor
IV- trochlear
VI- abducens
XI- accessory
XII- hypoglossal
which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor
V- trigeminal
VII- facial
IX- glossopharyngeal
X- vagus
what does cranial nerve I (olfactory) signify
smell
what does cranial nerve II (optic) signify
vision
what does cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear) signify
balance and hearing
what does cranial nerve III (oculomotor) signify
most of the eye muscles
what does cranial nerve IV (trochlear) signify
one extraocular muscle
what does cranial nerve VI (abducens) signify
one extraocular muscle
what does cranial nerve XI (accessory) signify
trapezius, SCM
what does cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) signify
tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
face and oral cavity, general sensation in anterior 2/3 of tongue
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
muscles of mastication
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)
taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)
muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
general sensation and taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic innervation of parotid salivary gland
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)
taste in epiglottis
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)
muscles of soft palate and pharynx, parasympathetic innervation of organs in thorax and abdomen
what is the main motor nerve of the tongue
hypoglossal (CN XII)
what are the general sensory nerves of the tongue
anterior 2/3: trigeminal (CN V)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
what are the special sensory nerves of taste of the tongue
anterior 2/3: chorda tympani of facial (CN VII)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
what are the three divisions of cranial nerve V
V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular
what is the afferent function of V1
upper face
what is the afferent function of V2
midface, upper teeth, palate, anterior temporal region
what is the afferent function of V3
lower face, posterior temporal region, lower teeth, floor of mouth, general sensation from body of tongue
what is the efferent function of V3
muscles of mastication and mylohyoid muscle
V1 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the orbit
superior orbital fissure
V2 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the pterygopalatine fossa
foramen rotundum
V3 passes through the _______________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the infratemporal fossa
foramen ovale
what does the zygomatic nerve innervate
skin of upper cheek
what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate
nasal septum, most anterior part of hard palate, palatal gingiva of anterior maxillary teeth
what does the greater palatine nerve innervate
hard palate, palatal gingiva of posterior maxillary teeth
what does the lesser palatine nerve innervate
soft palate
what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary molars and their buccal gingiva
what does the middle superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary premolars and their buccal gingiva, mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar
what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary incisors and canines and their buccal gingiva
what are the branches of the infraorbital nerve
middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves
what do the deep temporal nerves innervate
temporalis muscle
what does the medial pterygoid nerve innervate
medial pterygoid muscle
what does the lateral pterygoid nerve innervate
lateral pterygoid muscle
what does the buccal nerve innervate
buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth posterior to mental foramen, cheek
what does the masseteric nerve innervate
masster muscle
what does the lingual nerve innervate
body of tongue, lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth, floor of mouth
what does the mylohyoid nerve innervate
mylohyoid muscle
what does the mental nerve innervate
buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen, chin, lower lip
what does the incisive nerve innervate
mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen
what does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate
mandibular teeth
portion of the jawbone that contains, supports and protects the teeth
alveolar process
branches of the trigeminal nerve travel through the ___________________, the foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
what part of the TMJ allows for hinging or rotating
condyle rotates in fossa
what part of the TMJ allows for sliding or translating
condyle slides forward
movement of the TMJ is mediated by the what
muscles of mastication
what are the muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids, and lateral pterygoids
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the temporalis
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process of mandible
action: mandible elevation and retraction
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the masseter muscle
origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: lateral surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the medial pterygoids
origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the lateral pterygoids
origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: mandibular condyle and articular disc
action: contraction of lateral pterygoids
what muscles close the jaw
masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid
what muscle retracts the jaw
temporalis
what muscle protracts the jaw
lateral and medial pterygoids
what muscle creates lateral excursion of the jaw
lateral and medial pterygoids
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
action: flex, bend and rotate the head
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the trapezius muscle
origin: occipital bone and some vertebrae
insertion: lateral portion of the clavicle and scapula
action: shrug shoulders
muscles of facial expression mostly originate from _________ and insert into _________
bone
skin
what are the suprahyoid muscles
digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohypid
what forms the floor of the mouth
mylohyoid
what are the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid
what are the extrinsic tongue muscles
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
what is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
change the shape of the tongue
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
superior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, and inferior longitudinal
what do the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles form
tonsillar pillars
what is the action of the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles
pull the soft palate down and the tongue up during swallowing
the left side of the heart receives oxygen rich blood returning from where
the lungs
after receiving oxygen rich blood, the left side of the heart then pumps blood into a major artery called the what
aorta
what does the aorta do
distributes blood around the rest of the body
blood flows from the aorta to the upper body via ____________
arteries
what does the branchiocephalic artery divide into
right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
what does the right common carotid artery arise from
branchiocephalic artery
what does the left common carotid artery arise from
arch of aorta
the common carotid arteries separate into the external carotid and internal carotid arteries at the level of the ____________________
upper thyroid cartilage
has no branches in the neck and supplies the brain, eyes, and portion of the forehead
internal carotid artery
supplies teeth, muscles of mastication, tongue, face, and lips
external carotid artery
what are the branches of the external carotid artery
- superior thyroid artery
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- occipital artery
- posterior auricular artery
- maxillary artery
- superficial temporal artery
what branch of the external carotid artery supplies muscles of mastication, jaws, and teeth
maxillary artery
what does the inferior alveolar artery supply
mandibular teeth and gives rise to the mylohyoid artery, incisive artery, and mental artery
what does the incisive artery supply
anterior mandibular teeth
what does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply
posterior maxillary teeth
arteries carry blood to what
tissues
what do arteries branch into
capillaries
fluid containing nutrients leaves blood in capillaries and enters what
interstitial fluid
fluid containing waste leaves interstitial fluid and enters what
capillaries
what can be pierced during administration of local anesthetic
cavernous sinus
drains blood from areas supplies by maxillary artery
pterygoid plexus
what pterygoid plexus drains into what
maxillary vein
is the internal jugular vein larger or smaller than the external jugular vein
larger
formed by merger of posterior division of retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein
external jugular vein
the external jugular veins drain into the what
subclavian veins
the internal jugular veins merge with the subclavian veins to form the right and left what
brachiocephalic veins
brachiocephalic veins drain into the _____________, which delivers blood back to the heart
superior vena cava
lymph nodes are __________ lymphoid organs
secondary
lymph nodes are bean shaped structures containing collections of what
lymphocytes and macrophages
lymph nodes can be broadly classified as what
superficial or deep
superficial lymph nodes drain to what
deep lymph nodes
superior deep lymph nodes drain to what
inferior deep lymph nodes
inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain into what
jugular trunks
lymph drains from the jugular trunks into what
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
what are the superficial lymph nodes in the head
occipital, retroauricular, anterior auricular, superficial parotid, and facial
what are the superficial lymph nodes in the neck
submandibular and submental
where are submental lymph nodes located
below the chin near the midline
what do the submental lymph nodes drain
mandibular incisors
what do the submental lymph nodes drain INTO
submandibular nodes or directly to deep cervical lymph nodes
where are submandibular lymph nodes located
close to the angle of the mandible
the submandibular lymph nodes drain all teeth except which ones
mandibular incisors and sometimes third molars
deep cervical lymph nodes are divided into what
superior and inferior groups
the deep cervical lymph nodes include what other nodes
jugulodigastric and jugulo-omohyoid nodes
what do the deep cervical lymph nodes drain into
jugular trunks
what do the superior deep cervical lymph nodes drain
third molars (specifically maxillary)
the development of a human embryo, which occurs during the first two periods of prenatal development
human embryogenesis
what are the three periods of prenatal development
preimplantation period, embryonic period, and fetal period
during the preimplantation period, the zygote becomes what
blastocyst
during the embryonic period, the blastocyst becomes what
embryo
during the fetal period, the embryo becomes what
fetus
fusion of male and female gametes
fertilization
what produces gametes
meiosis
haploid
23 chromosomes
what is the male gamete called
spermatozoon
what is the female gamete called
oocyte
diploid
23 pairs/46 chromosomes
zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a ball of cells called what
morula
the blastocyst hatches from the __________________ and implants in the uterus while the cells in the inner cell mass differentiate into epiblasts and hypoblasts
zona pellucida
epiblasts and hypoblasts that develop from the inner cell mass arrange into a what
bilaminar embryonic disc
the bilaminar disc undergoes what to form three germ layers
gastrulation
cells in the epiblast layer start to invade the hypoblast layer in a process called
gastrulation
gastrulation produces three new layers originating from epiblast cells:
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
some cells also form a rod like structure called the __________ below the ectoderm
notochord
above the notochord the ectoderm folds up into a tube, __________________, in a process called neurulation
neural tube
will form the epidermis, nails, hair, glands, and the nervous system
ectoderm
will form bones, cartilage, muscles, connective tissues, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, and blood cells and bone marrow
mesoderm
will form the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system, digestive organs, thyroid, parathyroid, and tonsils
endoderm
what week do the branchial arches develop in
4th week
neural crest cells invade the mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm to form what
ectomesenchyme
what CN is associated with the first branchial arch
CN V
what CN is associated with the second branchial arch
CN VII
what cranial nerve is associated with the third branchial arch
CN IX
what cranial nerve is associated with the fourth branchial arch
CN X
muscles of mastication are associated with which branchial arch
first
muscles of facial expression are associated with which branchial arch
second
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch
first
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch
third
lateral and medial nasal processes will develop from here
frontonasal process
are outgrowths from the mandibular processes
right and left maxillary processes
fuse to form the mandibular arch- the first branchial arch
right and left mandibular processes
what does the frontonasal process give rise to
forehead, nose, philtrum, part of palate, and upper incisors
what do the maxillary processes give rise to
temporal bones, zygomatic bones, cheeks, sides of upper lip, most of maxilla, most of palate, and most of the upper dentition
what do the mandibular processes give rise to
lower lip, mandible, and lower dentition
the medial nasal processes fuse to form what
center of nose, philtrum, and middle of upper lip
what do the lateral nasal processes form
alae of the nose
what do the maxillary processes fuse to form
medial nasal processes to form sides of upper lip
what forms the primary palate
medial nasal processes
palatal shelves grow from what
maxillary processes
what forms the secondary palate
palatal shelves
primary palate fuses with secondary palate to form the final plate that divides what
oral and nasal cavities
what forms the nasal septum
fusion of medial nasal processes
maxillary incisors will develop from the what
medial nasal processes
maxillary canines and posterior teeth will develop from what
maxillary processes
mandibular teeth will develop from what
mandibular processes
the process of tooth development
odontogenesis
when does odontogenesis begin
during weeks 6/7 of prenatal development
thickening of the oral epithelium produces primary epithelial band, which will form dental lamina
initiation (thickening)
where an individual tooth will form, the dental lamina proliferates into a bud; ectomesenchyme condenses around bud
bud stage
tooth germs form; enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac
cap stage
cells in each part of the tooth germ continue to differentiate and the cervical loop extends
bell stage
secretion of dentin and enamel
apposition stage
tissues fully mineralize
maturation stage
enamel organ will form
enamel
dental papilla will form
dentin and pulp
dental follicle will form
PDL, cementum, alveolar bone
enamel organ is composed of outer enamel epithelium stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and _____________
inner enamel epithelium
dental papilla contains _________ and ___________
outer cells of dental papilla and central cells of dental papilla
amelogenesis proceeds from __________ outwards
DEJ
dentinogenesis proceeds from DEJ ____________
inwards
develop from successional dental lamina
succedaneous teeth
develop from posterior extension of dental lamina called the accessional dental lamina
nonsuccedaneous teeth
development of permanent dentition begins with anterior teeth around week _________
10
movement of developing tooth within the jawbone
pre-eruptive
eruptive movement of tooth towards functional position
pre-function
tooth in occlusion, post eruptive movement maintains position in occlusion
function (post eruptive)
what are the firm primary teeth to erupt
central incisors
what are the first permanent teeth to erupt
1st molars
enamel is what percent hydroxyapatite
95-96%
what is the main organic component of enamel
amelogenin
enamel is formed by what
ameloblasts
secrete enamel in rods once they develop ____________
tome’s process
rods become fully mineralized during the __________ phase of amelogenesis
maturation
enamel rods run from the ________ to the surface of the enamel
DEJ
incremental lines of growth
striae of retzius
dentin is what percent hydroxyapatite
70%
what is the origin of dentin
dental papilla
dentin is formed by what
odontoblasts
odontoblast cell bodies reside in what
pulp
run from the DEJ to mull and contain odontoblast processes
dentinal tubules
dentinal tubules follow a ___________ shaped curved
primary S
incremental lines of dentin growth
imbrication lines of von ebner
what percent is pulp mineralized
0% (its not mineralized)
what is the origin of pulp
dental papilla
pulp is protected by what
dentin
what are the four zones of pulp
odontoblast layer
cell free zone
cell rich zone
pulpal core
what percent mineralized is cementum
50-65%
what is the origin of cementum
dental follicle/sac
cementum is formed by what
cementoblasts
cementum is attached to what
PDL
alveolar bone contains _________ to house the roots of the teeth
alveoli
lines each alveolus, supporting alveolar bone makes up the rest of the alveolar process
alveolar bone proper
what percent mineralized is alveolar bone
60%
what is the origin of the alveolar bone
dental follicle/sac
the alveolar bone is formed by what
osteoblasts
what type of epithelium is the oral mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
the oral mucosa can be what
keratinized or nonkeratinized
keratinized epithelia can be what
orthokeratinized or parakeratinized
how many layers are there to the oral mucosa
3 or 4 layers
keratinized cells contain keratin an nuclei
parakeratinized
keratinized cells only contain keratin, no nuclei
orthokeratinized
what type of epithelium does the lining mucosa have
nonkeratinized
the lining mucosa is ____________ and ____________
stretchy and soft
masticatory mucosa is what type of epithelium
keratinized
the masticatory mucosa is _____________
rubbery
gingiva and hard palate are what type of mucosa
masticatory
what are the types of lingual papillae
filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
what types of specialized mucosa have taste buds
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
what are present on the dorsal surface of the tongue
circumvallate, filiform, and fungiform
what is present on the lateral surface of the tongue
foliate papillae
what glands have ducts
exocrine glands
endocrine glands release secretions into where
blood or fluid tissue
what type of glands are salivary glands
exocrine glands
secretory cells may be what
serous or mucous
in front of and below ears
parotid gland
what type of secretions do the parotid gland give
serous only
secretions of the parotid gland are stimulated by what cranial nerve
CN IX
produce 25% of total saliva
parotid gland
produce 60-65% of total saliva
submandibular gland
what type of secretions do submandibular glands give
mixed, but mostly serous
what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in submandibular glands
CN VII
what gland is the smallest of all major glands
sublingual
product about 5-10% of saliva
sublingual glands
what type of secretion do sublingual glands give
mixed, but mostly mucous
what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in the sublingual gland
CN VII
what duct passes over the masseter muscle
parotid duct
the parotid duct pierces what muscle
buccinator
the parotid duct empties into the oral cavity near what
secondary maxillary molars
where do the submandibular ducts empty into
anterior floor of the mouth at sublingual caruncles
the sublingual glands empty into several small ducts that open along the sublingual folds:
the ducts of Rivinus
the sublingual folds each have one major duct:
bartholin’s duct
what percent of saliva do minor salivary glands produce
5%
where are minor salivary glands located
buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, lateral posterior hard palate, soft palate, tongue palatoglossal arch, and floor of mouth
what type of secretions do minor salivary glands give
mostly mucous
the glands of von ebner at the base of the circumvallate papillae are what
serous
