Human development theories

Question 1

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

Answer 1

Learning by association (A process of learning where an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a particular response, as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.)

Question 2

operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 2

Learning by positive and negative reinforcement (Behaviours that lead to reward will increase in strength whereas those that lead to punishment will often decrease in strength.)

Question 3

social learning (Bandura)

Answer 3

Learning by modelling and imitation (Learning can take place both directly through traditional conditioning processes and indirectly through observation.)

Question 4

cognitive learning (Piaget)

Answer 4

learning by thinking

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus that has no response before conditioning

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

A naturally occurring response

Question 8

conditioned repsonse

Answer 8

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 9

conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

At first an irrelevant stimulus but after association with a unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response.

Question 10

repression

Answer 10

Purposeful forgetting of anxiety laden thoughts, memories, or desires

Question 11

dosplacement

Answer 11

Involves the expression of an unconscious impulse but against a substitute person, animal, or object.

Question 12

sublimation

Answer 12

Socially unacceptable impulses or idealisations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviours.

Question 13

projection

Answer 13

Getting rid of one’s own undesirable characteristics by attributing them to others.

Question 14

reaction formation

Answer 14

An anxiety-laden impulse, thought or feeling is replaced in consciousness by its opposite.

Question 15

denial

Answer 15

The ego is incapable of dealing with threatening facts and therefore fails to acknowledge the reality of this information.

Question 16

regression

Answer 16

In times of stress, individuals will retreat to behaviours which are comforting and characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Question 17

Adverse childhood experiences

Answer 17

stressful experiences that occur during childhood that directly harm a child or affect them through the environment in which they live.

Question 18

stress

Answer 18

The degree to which you feel overwhelmed or unable to cope as a result of pressures that are unmanageable.

Question 19

eustress

Answer 19

positive stress

Question 20

distress

Answer 20

negative stress

Question 21

hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA)

Answer 21

regulates the stress response

Question 22

resilience

Answer 22

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.