Human development theories Flashcards
classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Learning by association (A process of learning where an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a particular response, as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.)
operant conditioning (Skinner)
Learning by positive and negative reinforcement (Behaviours that lead to reward will increase in strength whereas those that lead to punishment will often decrease in strength.)
social learning (Bandura)
Learning by modelling and imitation (Learning can take place both directly through traditional conditioning processes and indirectly through observation.)
cognitive learning (Piaget)
learning by thinking
neutral stimulus
A stimulus that has no response before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
unconditioned response
A naturally occurring response
conditioned repsonse
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
At first an irrelevant stimulus but after association with a unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response.
repression
Purposeful forgetting of anxiety laden thoughts, memories, or desires
dosplacement
Involves the expression of an unconscious impulse but against a substitute person, animal, or object.
sublimation
Socially unacceptable impulses or idealisations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviours.
projection
Getting rid of one’s own undesirable characteristics by attributing them to others.
reaction formation
An anxiety-laden impulse, thought or feeling is replaced in consciousness by its opposite.
denial
The ego is incapable of dealing with threatening facts and therefore fails to acknowledge the reality of this information.
