human development infancy and childhood Flashcards
describe teratogens and their effect on pre-natal development
three stages of development in utero
- germinal - first 2 weeks after conception
- embryonic - 2-8 weeks after conception
- fetal - 2 months after conception til birth
Teratogens are agents that cuase birth defects - dose time of exposure and genetic susceptibiility influence severity
*in early development, teratogens effect development - in later developer teratogens affect function *
what is the cephaocaudal trend? what does it refer to?
head to foot direction of motor development
what is the proximodistal divelopment? what does it refer to?
center - outward direction of motor development
what are the four first stages of erickson’s eight life-span stages ?
- trust vs. mistrust - is my world predictable and supportive?
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt- can i do things myself?
- initiative vs. guilt - am I good or bad?
- industry vs. inferiority - am I competent or am I worthless?
what years does trust vs. mistrust fall into
0-1 year - complete dependence on adults for basic needs - if the basic needs are met they are trusting, optimistic - if the basic needs are poorly met= mistrusting and insecure
what years do ericksons stage 2 fall into?
age 2-3 years autonomy vs, shame and doubt
- coincides with toilet training -
positive encouragement from parents = sense of autonomy/self-sufficiency
parents dissatisfied = with constant child-parent conflict = sense of personal shame and self-doubt
what years does erikson’s stage 3 encompass?
initiative vs. guilt age 3-6 years - challenge is to function socially
- child makes effort to integrate- develops sense of own initiatve and self-confidence grows
child only focused on their own needs- family conflict= feelings of guilt
what years does erickson’s tage 4 encompass?
age 6-12 years - industry vs. inferiority
function socially beyond family? competence or incompetence?
what are the characteristics of secure attachment?
as child = able to separate from parent, seek comfort from parents when frightened, return of parents = positive emotion , prefers parents over strangers
as adults = trusting/lasting relationships, tend to have good self esteem, comfortable sharing feelings with friends and partners, seek out emotional support
70% of infants
what are the characteristics of ambivalent attachment ?
as children
may be wary of strangers, become greatly distressed when the parent leaves, do not appear to be comforted by return of parent
as adults
reluctant to become close to others, worry that their partner does not love them, become very distraugt when a relationship ends
15% of infants
what are the characteristics of avoidant attachment?
as children
may avoid parents, does not seek much comfort or contact from parents, and shows little or no preference between parent and stranger
as adults
may have problems with intimacy, invest little emotion in social and romantic relationships, and unable or unwilling to share thoughts and feelings with others
when does separation anxiety emerge in children?
between 6-8 months
what is temperament?
part of the personality which is genetically based
what are the three types of temperament?
- easy/flexible - calm/happy- regular sleeping and eating habits, positive mood and interested in new experiences
- difficult/active/feisty - fussy, irregular in feeding and sleeping habits, low adaptability, fearful of new people or situations, easily upset
- slow/warm/cautious - relatively inactive, reflective, tend to withdraw or react more negatively to novelty - reactions become more positive with experience
- or can be a combination
what are piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor period- birth to 2 yr.- explore sensory input
- preoperational period - 2-7 years - develop symbolic thought and decentration/egocentrism
- concrete operational period - 7-11 yrs. - mental operations applied to concrete events - mastery of conservation/hierarchical classifications
- formal operational period - 11-adulthood - mental operations applied to abstract ideas
what are the thinking processes that piaget says are part of cognitive development?
assimilation = interpret new experience with existing mental structures
accomodation - change mental structures in response to new experiences
when does a child develop object permanence?
at 10 months approx - during sensorimotor period
what characteristic thinking is part of the preoperational stage of development?
- centration - focus on one feature of problem ignoring important aspects
- irreversibility - inability to reverse an action
- egocentrism - limited ability to share another’s viewpoint
- animism - all things are living
what concepts are mastered in the concrete operational period?
reversitibility
decentration
decline in egocentrism
*begin to understand conservation*
How to children interpret illness at each of piaget’s stages?
- 0-2 yr. preoperational- child gives irrelevant answers or evades the question
- 3-5 yr. preoperational - phenomenism - particular objects are believed to cause illness i.e) people get colds from the sun
- 5-7 yr. preoperational - contagion - illness caused by objects or people who are proximat to - i.e) you get measles by walking near people
- 8-9 years - concrete operational = contamination - illness caused by physical contact with an ill person i.e) can have multiple cuases like contact with dirt or doing something bad like taking coat off outside
- 9-11 yrs- concrete operational - internalisation - illness is a problem within the body but may be caused from external factors internalised by swallowing or inhaling
what percent of mothers are affected by post-partum depression?
13%
increased rated for mothers of pre-term infants and multiple births
what is the DSM5 diagnosis of post partum depression?
2 weeks of dysphoric mood or lack of interest or pleasure in usual activites plus
4 or more of the following
- appetite disturbance
- sleep disturbance
- psychomotor activation or retardation
- fatigue or loss of energy
- feelings of worthlessness or excessiv guilt
- impaired concentration
- suicidal ideation
what are significant predictors of PPD ?
- prenatal depression
- low self-esteem
- childcare stress
- prenatal anxiety
- life stress
- low social support
- poor marital relationship
- history of depression
- difficult infant temperament
- maternity blues
- single marital status
- unplanned pregnancy
- low socioeconomic status
