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NCE Exam > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Keagan Theory

A

Interpersonal connection to reality perception

Constructive model of development - construct through life

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2
Q

Debates over Human Development

A

Nature vs. Nurture and Active vs. Passive

Most current theorists insist it’s both but disagree on amount of impact exerted

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3
Q

Fetal Origins

A

Impact on development during gestation

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4
Q

Quantitative

A

Measured

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5
Q

Qualitative

A

Change in organization/structure

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6
Q

Critical Periods

A

Sensitive periods/ All or nothing periods

Development process that is nearly impossible to develop at a later time

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7
Q

Young children have more neural activity than adults Y/N

A

Yes

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8
Q

Shared vs. Non shared experiences

A

Nonshared experiences have more impact (i.e. different teachers)

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9
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Founder of psychology in US

First president of APA

Child/child guidance/seminal works adolescence

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10
Q

Behaviorism Theorists

A

Watson
Skinner
Pavlov
Wolpe

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11
Q

Behaviorism Concepts

A

All behavior is a result of learning

Passive theory

Do not believe in mental constructs

If it can’t be measured, then it doesn’t exist

Mind is blank slate initially and fed info like a computer

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12
Q

John Locke

A

Empiricism - Knowledge is acquired by experience

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13
Q

Erik Erikson

A

8 psychosocial stages of development

1963 work Childhood and Society

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14
Q

8 psychosocial stages of Erikson are based on…

A

Ego psychology and epigenetic principles

Growth is orderly, universal and systematic

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15
Q

8 Stages Erikson

A 
Trust v Mistrust - 1.5 years
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt - 3 years
Initiative v Guilt - 6 years
Industry v Inferiority - 11 years
Identity v Role Confusion - 18 years
Intimacy v Isolation - 35 years
Generativity v Stagnation 60 years
Integrity v Despair - until end of life
To Mislead (trust vs mistrust) 
A Student (autonomy vs shame) 
In Geometry (Initiative vs guilt) 
Is Insane (industry vs inferiority) 
Indeed. Real (identity vs role confusion) 
Intellectual Individuals (intimacy vs isolation) 
Generally Start with (generativity vs stagnation) 
Instructional Data (integrity vs despair)
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16
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Qualitative 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Genetic epistemology
Epigenetics
Idiographic

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17
Q

Piaget 4 Stages

A

Sensorimotor - 2 years
Preoperational - 2-7 years
Concrete Operations - 7-12 years
Formal Operations - 12-16 years

Memory:
Babies start to sense
People get formal as they get older

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18
Q

Piaget - Schema

A

Patterns of thought and behavior

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19
Q

Piaget - Adaptation

A

Occurs qualitatively

Assimilation: Fits information into existing ideas

Accommodation: Modifies schema to incorporate new information

Both are complementary processes

Achieved = equilibrium

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20
Q

Piaget - Concept of Ages

A

Ages can vary but order is static

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21
Q

Piaget - Object permeance/ Reflexes /Representational Thought

A

Sensorimotor Stage

An object a child cannot see still exists

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22
Q

Piaget - Centration

A

Preoperational Stage

Act of focusing on one aspect of something

Clown nose, but not clown face

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23
Q

Piaget - Conservation

A

Concrete Operations Stage
Child knows volume and quantity do not change just because the appearance changes
- Same volume of water, different glass

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24
Q

Piaget - Abstract Scientific Thinking

A

Formal Operations Stage

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25
Q

Keagan Constructive Developmental Model

A

Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality

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26
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg *

A

Moral development leader - children
3 Levels of Moral Development
Each level has 2 stages
Expanded on Piaget

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27
Q

Kohlberg - 3 levels

A

Preconventional - consequences
Conventional - conform to societal rules
Postconventional - self accepted moral principles

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28
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Moral development for women
Women - sense of caring and compassion
Kohlberg’s work was only on males

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29
Q

Daniel Levinson

A

4 Major Eras/ Transitions Theory

Season’s of a man’s life

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30
Q

Levinson - Major Era’s

A

Childhood/ Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Later Adulthood

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31
Q

Lev Vygotsky Concepts *

A

Cognitive development is not result of innate factors, produced by activities from culture
1896 - 1934
Educational intervention (not naturally)

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32
Q

Lev - Zone of proximal development

A

Difference in child ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with help from others

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33
Q

Freud - Psychoanalytic Stages

A 
Oral - 1 year
Anal - 1-3 years
Phallic | Oedipal, Electra Complex - 3-7 years
Latency - 3-12 years
Genital - Rest of life
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34
Q

Freud - Libido

A

Drive to live and sexual instinct even at birth

Sublimated until adolescence

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35
Q

Freud - Regression

A

Return to earlier stage due to stress

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36
Q

Freud - Fixation

A

unable to move to the next stage

Occurs when people are traumatized

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37
Q

Freud - Criticism

A

Focus on sex and not including rest of lifespan

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38
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Hierarchy of Needs

Interviewed self actualized people who escaped the psychology of the average

Lower order psychological and safely must be met before self actualization occurs

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39
Q

William (Robert) Perry *

A

Dualistic Thinking
3 stages of intellectual and ethical development
adults/college age

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40
Q

Perry - Stages *

A

Dualism
Relativism
Commitment to Action

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41
Q

Perry - Dualism *

A

Truth as right or wrong

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42
Q

Perry - Relativism *

A

Perfect answer may not exists
Desire to know options
Adulthood

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43
Q

Perry - Commitment to Action

A

Individual is willing to change opinions based on facts and new POV

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44
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Parenting Styles

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45
Q

Baumrind - Parenting Styles

A

Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive/Passive

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46
Q

Authoritative

A

high expectations
warm and nurturing
explanation of rules
outcome: happy and well adjusted

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47
Q

Authoritarian

A

Bossy - no explanation of rules

Outcome: Anxious, withdrawn, antisocial

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48
Q

Permissive

A

Low control, wishes to please the child

Outcome: lack of boundaries, social skills

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49
Q

Teen Pregnancy

A

Family therapy is the best treatment of choice

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50
Q

Psychodynamic Theories focus on…

A

unconscious processes
instead of
cognitive factors

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51
Q

Ego psychologists

A

Erikson
Ego: Logical, rational
Power of reasoning

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52
Q

Id

A

Sex and agression

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53
Q

Superego

A

Moralistic and Idealistic

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54
Q

Milton Erickson

A

Hypnosis

Brief psychotherapy

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55
Q

Jay Haley

A

Strategic and problem solving

Paradox

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56
Q

Arnold Lazarus

A

behavior therapy
phobia desensitization
Multimodal therapy

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57
Q

Idiographic Approaches

A

Freud
Piaget
Examine individuals studied

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58
Q

Nomothetic Approaches

A

DSM
Behaviorism
Groups of people studied

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59
Q

Piaget - Criticism

A

Studied on his own children

Informal studies/ no statistics

60
Q

Piaget - Sensorimotor Stage Traits

A 
2 years
Object permeance
Representational Thought
Reflexes
Practical Intelligence 
Schema
61
Q

Piaget - Preoperational Traits

A

2-7 years
Centration

Egocentrism

Symbolic schema (language and symbol, milk carton becoming a spaceship)

Animistic

62
Q

Piaget - Concrete Operations Traits

A

7-12 years
Conservation

All Cs - conservation, counting and concrete

63
Q

Piaget - Formal Operations Traits

A

12-16 years
Abstract Scientific Thinking
Problem solving via Deduction

64
Q

Concept of Mass and volume - children

A

MWV (as in MVP)

Children comprehend in order:
Mass
Weight
Volume

65
Q

Epigenetic

A

Stage before must be completed

Kohlberg
Maslow
Erikson

Can also mean:
environmental factors can influence gene expression

66
Q

Watson

A

Father of behaviorism

67
Q

Piaget - Reversibility

A

Undo an action

Water can return to original state

68
Q

Piaget - Egocentrism

A

Cannot see world outside of self

Rain is following me

69
Q

Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg *

A

Asses the level and stage of moral development in individual

Story of wife with cancer needing drug

70
Q

Jung

A

Father of analytic psychology

71
Q

Menninger Clinic

A

Biofeedback

72
Q

RS*

A

Religious and Spiritual

Counselors identifying as spiritual are increasing

73
Q

Positive Psychology*

A

Maslow
Seligman

Postconventional - Study of human strengths (joy, wisdom)

74
Q

Adler

A

Founder of individual psychology

Inferiority complex

75
Q

Identity Crisis

A

Erikson

Adolescents experiment with various roles

76
Q

Kohlberg - Preconventional

A

consequences
reward, punishments
bad behavior punished, good is not

77
Q

Kohlberg - Conventional

A

conform to societal rules
family, society
good boy

78
Q

Kohlberg - Postconventional

A 
self accepted moral principles
40% of males middle class reach this level
79
Q

Sullivan

A

Interpersonal relations
Social Influences
- More influential than biology

Similar to Erikson

80
Q

Sullivan - Stages

A 
Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile Era
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late Adolescence
81
Q

Counterconditioning

A

systematic desensitization

Weaken learned response by pairing with stronger response

82
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky

83
Q

Organ Inferiority

A

Adler

deficient than other people as a outcome of aversive emotions about a physical attribute

84
Q

Maturation Theorists

A

Freud
Erikson
Gisell

Biological/Hereditary
Certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until stimuli are present in the environment.

Child must be ready to go on to the next grade level

85
Q

DBT*

A

Mindfulness
Linehan
Clients self-harm, suicide, substance abuse

86
Q

John Bowby

A

Bonding and attachment

Adaptive significance

Before age of 3

87
Q

Object Loss

A

Bond severed before age of 3 -> abnormal behavior

Protest -> Despair -> Detachment

88
Q

Mahler

A

Separation-Individual Theory

Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship result in adult psychosis

89
Q

Arnold Gesell*

A

One-way mirror for observing children

90
Q

Erikson - Generativity v Stagnation Traits

A

Midlife crisis

Generativity:

  • Ability to be productive and happy
  • Raise a family
  • Creative work
  • Produce a career

Middle age: fear of death

91
Q

Daniel Levinson

A

Season’s of a Man’s Life/Women’s Life

Positive mid life crisis - it is needed

  • 80% of men had mid life crisis
  • age 30 crisis occurs if they feel it’s too late to make changes
92
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Maternal Deprivation
Monkey experiment
Attachment
Preferred comfort - terry cloth

93
Q

Maccoby and Jacklin

A

Males are better than females in math calculations

Sex roles - child rearing patterns instead of biology

94
Q

Erikson - Intimacy vs Isolation Traits

A

Sharing life with other person

Fail at this stage - client may think they can depend on no one

95
Q

Conformity Peak

A

Early Teens

96
Q

Freud - Eros

A

Concept of life instinct

97
Q

Freud - Thanatos

A

Self destructive death instinct

98
Q

Freud - Manifest

A

Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer

99
Q

Freud - Latent

A

Hidden meaning of dream

100
Q

Gender in suicide*

A

Males commit more often, females attempt more often

10th in US, 2nd in teens

101
Q

Suicide and Depression*

A

Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression lifts

102
Q

Suicide and Age

A

Increase with age

103
Q

Freud - Latent Stage

A

Nonsexual

Social interests - learning, hobbies

104
Q

Coopersmith

A

Child-rearing studies on self esteem

High self-esteem, kids were punished but taught high morals

105
Q

Skinner

A

Behaviorist

ABA - applied behavior analysis

106
Q

Stage theorists on qualitative

A

qualitative changes between stages occur

107
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Head to Foot

108
Q

Kohlberg - Preconventional Level 1 Stages

A

1: Punishment/Obedience
2: Hedonism

109
Q

Kohlberg - Conventional Level 2 Stages

A

3: Good Boy
4: Authority, Law, Order

110
Q

Kohlberg - Postconventional Level 3 Stages

A

5: Accepted Law
6: Principles of self conscience and ethics

111
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Fantasies of sexual relations with opposite sex parent occur

Phallic Stage

112
Q

Electra Complex

A

Girls

113
Q

Convert Desensitization

A

Psychological process which cannot be directly observed

114
Q

Vivo Desensitization

A

Client is exposed to actual phobia situation

115
Q

Libidinal*

A

Related to libido (sexual impulse or desire)

116
Q

Eleanor Gibson

A

Visual Cliff

at 6 months, infants will not attempt to cross off

Depth perception

117
Q

Empiricists

A

Believe that development consists of quantitative changes

Facts

Experiences

Behavioristic

118
Q

Organismic

A

Goldstein

Gestalt/Holistic

119
Q

Ethology

A

Study of animal’s behavior in environments

120
Q

Comparative Psychology

A

Lab animals to generalize findings for humans

121
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Critical Periods

Animals instincts follow first object it encounters (mother)

Aggression inborn

122
Q

Glasser

A

Reality Therapy with Choice Theory

123
Q

Havinghurst*

A

Proposed developmental tasks

124
Q

Havinghurst - Tasks*

A

1: Infancy and Early Childhood (Walk, Eat)
2: Middle Childhood (Developing conscious, interpersonal)
3: Adolescence (Career)
4: Early Adulthood (Partner)
5: Middle Age (Leisure, Teaching youth)
6: Later Maturity (Death of Spouse)

125
Q

Increase probability that behavior will occur…*

A

needs both positive and negative reinforcement

126
Q

Sandra Bern

A

Sex roles

127
Q

BASIC-ID

A

Lazarus - Multimodal, variety of therapeutic techniques

Behavior
Affective Responses
Sensations
Imagery
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs
128
Q

Animistic

A

Human characteristics to inhuman objects

Piaget - preoperational

129
Q

Jung - Archetypes

A

Anima: Female characteristics of personality

Animus: Male characteristics of personality

130
Q

Erikson - Identity vs Role Confusion Traits

A

Ego identity

131
Q

School Counseling*

A

New development 1960s

1: Previous belief that teachers should be counselors
2: Counseling focused on career
3: Secondary schools would use social workers to intervene

132
Q

Play Therapy*

A

Play therapy and art therapy can be preferred because cultural differences have less of an impact on interventions

133
Q

Wolpe

A

Systematic desensitization

134
Q

Albert Ellis

A

REBT - Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Scientific/ Logical

135
Q

Anxiety vs. Phobia*

A

Anxiety: Client is unaware of the source of the fear

136
Q

Seligman

A

Learned helplessness

137
Q

Frank Parsons

A

Father of Guidance

138
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Nondirective Counseling

Client Centered Counseling

Person Centered Counseling

139
Q

Piaget - Conceptualization of Moral Development Stages

A

1: Autonomous Stage (Age 10): Rules can be altered
2: Heteronomous Stage (Age 4-7): Views rules as absolute

140
Q

Imprinting

A

Rapid learning during a critical period

Infant will follow a moving object

Lorenz

141
Q

Structuralists

A

Piaget

Each stage is a way of making sense of the world

142
Q

Examples of Genetic Conditions

A 
Down Syndrome
PKU
Turner's Syndrome
Klinefelter' Syndrome
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia
143
Q

Ritualistic behaviors are known as

A

FAP: Fixed Action Patterns

144
Q

Robert Kegan - Stages

A 
Incorporative
Impulsive
Imperial
Interpersonal
Institutional
Interindividual
145
Q

Kegan - Holding environment

A

Client can make new meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

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