Human Development Flashcards
Keagan Theory
Interpersonal connection to reality perception
Constructive model of development - construct through life
Debates over Human Development
Nature vs. Nurture and Active vs. Passive
Most current theorists insist it’s both but disagree on amount of impact exerted
Fetal Origins
Impact on development during gestation
Quantitative
Measured
Qualitative
Change in organization/structure
Critical Periods
Sensitive periods/ All or nothing periods
Development process that is nearly impossible to develop at a later time
Young children have more neural activity than adults Y/N
Yes
Shared vs. Non shared experiences
Nonshared experiences have more impact (i.e. different teachers)
G. Stanley Hall
Founder of psychology in US
First president of APA
Child/child guidance/seminal works adolescence
Behaviorism Theorists
Watson
Skinner
Pavlov
Wolpe
Behaviorism Concepts
All behavior is a result of learning
Passive theory
Do not believe in mental constructs
If it can’t be measured, then it doesn’t exist
Mind is blank slate initially and fed info like a computer
John Locke
Empiricism - Knowledge is acquired by experience
Erik Erikson
8 psychosocial stages of development
1963 work Childhood and Society
8 psychosocial stages of Erikson are based on…
Ego psychology and epigenetic principles
Growth is orderly, universal and systematic
8 Stages Erikson
Trust v Mistrust - 1.5 years Autonomy v Shame/Doubt - 3 years Initiative v Guilt - 6 years Industry v Inferiority - 11 years Identity v Role Confusion - 18 years Intimacy v Isolation - 35 years Generativity v Stagnation 60 years Integrity v Despair - until end of life
To Mislead (trust vs mistrust) A Student (autonomy vs shame) In Geometry (Initiative vs guilt) Is Insane (industry vs inferiority) Indeed. Real (identity vs role confusion) Intellectual Individuals (intimacy vs isolation) Generally Start with (generativity vs stagnation) Instructional Data (integrity vs despair)
Jean Piaget
Qualitative 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Genetic epistemology
Epigenetics
Idiographic
Piaget 4 Stages
Sensorimotor - 2 years
Preoperational - 2-7 years
Concrete Operations - 7-12 years
Formal Operations - 12-16 years
Memory:
Babies start to sense
People get formal as they get older
Piaget - Schema
Patterns of thought and behavior
Piaget - Adaptation
Occurs qualitatively
Assimilation: Fits information into existing ideas
Accommodation: Modifies schema to incorporate new information
Both are complementary processes
Achieved = equilibrium
Piaget - Concept of Ages
Ages can vary but order is static
Piaget - Object permeance/ Reflexes /Representational Thought
Sensorimotor Stage
An object a child cannot see still exists
Piaget - Centration
Preoperational Stage
Act of focusing on one aspect of something
Clown nose, but not clown face
Piaget - Conservation
Concrete Operations Stage
Child knows volume and quantity do not change just because the appearance changes
- Same volume of water, different glass
Piaget - Abstract Scientific Thinking
Formal Operations Stage
Keagan Constructive Developmental Model
Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Lawrence Kohlberg *
Moral development leader - children
3 Levels of Moral Development
Each level has 2 stages
Expanded on Piaget
Kohlberg - 3 levels
Preconventional - consequences
Conventional - conform to societal rules
Postconventional - self accepted moral principles
Carol Gilligan
Moral development for women
Women - sense of caring and compassion
Kohlberg’s work was only on males
Daniel Levinson
4 Major Eras/ Transitions Theory
Season’s of a man’s life
Levinson - Major Era’s
Childhood/ Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Later Adulthood
Lev Vygotsky Concepts *
Cognitive development is not result of innate factors, produced by activities from culture
1896 - 1934
Educational intervention (not naturally)
Lev - Zone of proximal development
Difference in child ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with help from others
Freud - Psychoanalytic Stages
Oral - 1 year Anal - 1-3 years Phallic | Oedipal, Electra Complex - 3-7 years Latency - 3-12 years Genital - Rest of life
Freud - Libido
Drive to live and sexual instinct even at birth
Sublimated until adolescence
Freud - Regression
Return to earlier stage due to stress
Freud - Fixation
unable to move to the next stage
Occurs when people are traumatized
Freud - Criticism
Focus on sex and not including rest of lifespan
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
Interviewed self actualized people who escaped the psychology of the average
Lower order psychological and safely must be met before self actualization occurs
William (Robert) Perry *
Dualistic Thinking
3 stages of intellectual and ethical development
adults/college age
Perry - Stages *
Dualism
Relativism
Commitment to Action
Perry - Dualism *
Truth as right or wrong
Perry - Relativism *
Perfect answer may not exists
Desire to know options
Adulthood
Perry - Commitment to Action
Individual is willing to change opinions based on facts and new POV
Diana Baumrind
Parenting Styles
Baumrind - Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive/Passive
Authoritative
high expectations
warm and nurturing
explanation of rules
outcome: happy and well adjusted
Authoritarian
Bossy - no explanation of rules
Outcome: Anxious, withdrawn, antisocial
Permissive
Low control, wishes to please the child
Outcome: lack of boundaries, social skills
Teen Pregnancy
Family therapy is the best treatment of choice
Psychodynamic Theories focus on…
unconscious processes
instead of
cognitive factors
Ego psychologists
Erikson
Ego: Logical, rational
Power of reasoning
Id
Sex and agression
Superego
Moralistic and Idealistic
Milton Erickson
Hypnosis
Brief psychotherapy
Jay Haley
Strategic and problem solving
Paradox
Arnold Lazarus
behavior therapy
phobia desensitization
Multimodal therapy
Idiographic Approaches
Freud
Piaget
Examine individuals studied
Nomothetic Approaches
DSM
Behaviorism
Groups of people studied
Piaget - Criticism
Studied on his own children
Informal studies/ no statistics
Piaget - Sensorimotor Stage Traits
2 years Object permeance Representational Thought Reflexes Practical Intelligence Schema
Piaget - Preoperational Traits
2-7 years
Centration
Egocentrism
Symbolic schema (language and symbol, milk carton becoming a spaceship)
Animistic
Piaget - Concrete Operations Traits
7-12 years
Conservation
All Cs - conservation, counting and concrete
Piaget - Formal Operations Traits
12-16 years
Abstract Scientific Thinking
Problem solving via Deduction
Concept of Mass and volume - children
MWV (as in MVP)
Children comprehend in order:
Mass
Weight
Volume
Epigenetic
Stage before must be completed
Kohlberg
Maslow
Erikson
Can also mean:
environmental factors can influence gene expression
Watson
Father of behaviorism
Piaget - Reversibility
Undo an action
Water can return to original state
Piaget - Egocentrism
Cannot see world outside of self
Rain is following me
Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg *
Asses the level and stage of moral development in individual
Story of wife with cancer needing drug
Jung
Father of analytic psychology
Menninger Clinic
Biofeedback
RS*
Religious and Spiritual
Counselors identifying as spiritual are increasing
Positive Psychology*
Maslow
Seligman
Postconventional - Study of human strengths (joy, wisdom)
Adler
Founder of individual psychology
Inferiority complex
Identity Crisis
Erikson
Adolescents experiment with various roles
Kohlberg - Preconventional
consequences
reward, punishments
bad behavior punished, good is not
Kohlberg - Conventional
conform to societal rules
family, society
good boy
Kohlberg - Postconventional
self accepted moral principles 40% of males middle class reach this level
Sullivan
Interpersonal relations
Social Influences
- More influential than biology
Similar to Erikson
Sullivan - Stages
Infancy Childhood Juvenile Era Preadolescence Early Adolescence Late Adolescence
Counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
Weaken learned response by pairing with stronger response
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
Organ Inferiority
Adler
deficient than other people as a outcome of aversive emotions about a physical attribute
Maturation Theorists
Freud
Erikson
Gisell
Biological/Hereditary
Certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until stimuli are present in the environment.
Child must be ready to go on to the next grade level
DBT*
Mindfulness
Linehan
Clients self-harm, suicide, substance abuse
John Bowby
Bonding and attachment
Adaptive significance
Before age of 3
Object Loss
Bond severed before age of 3 -> abnormal behavior
Protest -> Despair -> Detachment
Mahler
Separation-Individual Theory
Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship result in adult psychosis
Arnold Gesell*
One-way mirror for observing children
Erikson - Generativity v Stagnation Traits
Midlife crisis
Generativity:
- Ability to be productive and happy
- Raise a family
- Creative work
- Produce a career
Middle age: fear of death
Daniel Levinson
Season’s of a Man’s Life/Women’s Life
Positive mid life crisis - it is needed
- 80% of men had mid life crisis
- age 30 crisis occurs if they feel it’s too late to make changes
Harry Harlow
Maternal Deprivation
Monkey experiment
Attachment
Preferred comfort - terry cloth
Maccoby and Jacklin
Males are better than females in math calculations
Sex roles - child rearing patterns instead of biology
Erikson - Intimacy vs Isolation Traits
Sharing life with other person
Fail at this stage - client may think they can depend on no one
Conformity Peak
Early Teens
Freud - Eros
Concept of life instinct
Freud - Thanatos
Self destructive death instinct
Freud - Manifest
Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer
Freud - Latent
Hidden meaning of dream
Gender in suicide*
Males commit more often, females attempt more often
10th in US, 2nd in teens
Suicide and Depression*
Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression lifts
Suicide and Age
Increase with age
Freud - Latent Stage
Nonsexual
Social interests - learning, hobbies
Coopersmith
Child-rearing studies on self esteem
High self-esteem, kids were punished but taught high morals
Skinner
Behaviorist
ABA - applied behavior analysis
Stage theorists on qualitative
qualitative changes between stages occur
Cephalocaudal
Head to Foot
Kohlberg - Preconventional Level 1 Stages
1: Punishment/Obedience
2: Hedonism
Kohlberg - Conventional Level 2 Stages
3: Good Boy
4: Authority, Law, Order
Kohlberg - Postconventional Level 3 Stages
5: Accepted Law
6: Principles of self conscience and ethics
Oedipus Complex
Fantasies of sexual relations with opposite sex parent occur
Phallic Stage
Electra Complex
Girls
Convert Desensitization
Psychological process which cannot be directly observed
Vivo Desensitization
Client is exposed to actual phobia situation
Libidinal*
Related to libido (sexual impulse or desire)
Eleanor Gibson
Visual Cliff
at 6 months, infants will not attempt to cross off
Depth perception
Empiricists
Believe that development consists of quantitative changes
Facts
Experiences
Behavioristic
Organismic
Goldstein
Gestalt/Holistic
Ethology
Study of animal’s behavior in environments
Comparative Psychology
Lab animals to generalize findings for humans
Konrad Lorenz
Critical Periods
Animals instincts follow first object it encounters (mother)
Aggression inborn
Glasser
Reality Therapy with Choice Theory
Havinghurst*
Proposed developmental tasks
Havinghurst - Tasks*
1: Infancy and Early Childhood (Walk, Eat)
2: Middle Childhood (Developing conscious, interpersonal)
3: Adolescence (Career)
4: Early Adulthood (Partner)
5: Middle Age (Leisure, Teaching youth)
6: Later Maturity (Death of Spouse)
Increase probability that behavior will occur…*
needs both positive and negative reinforcement
Sandra Bern
Sex roles
BASIC-ID
Lazarus - Multimodal, variety of therapeutic techniques
Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs
Animistic
Human characteristics to inhuman objects
Piaget - preoperational
Jung - Archetypes
Anima: Female characteristics of personality
Animus: Male characteristics of personality
Erikson - Identity vs Role Confusion Traits
Ego identity
School Counseling*
New development 1960s
1: Previous belief that teachers should be counselors
2: Counseling focused on career
3: Secondary schools would use social workers to intervene
Play Therapy*
Play therapy and art therapy can be preferred because cultural differences have less of an impact on interventions
Wolpe
Systematic desensitization
Albert Ellis
REBT - Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Scientific/ Logical
Anxiety vs. Phobia*
Anxiety: Client is unaware of the source of the fear
Seligman
Learned helplessness
Frank Parsons
Father of Guidance
Carl Rogers
Nondirective Counseling
Client Centered Counseling
Person Centered Counseling
Piaget - Conceptualization of Moral Development Stages
1: Autonomous Stage (Age 10): Rules can be altered
2: Heteronomous Stage (Age 4-7): Views rules as absolute
Imprinting
Rapid learning during a critical period
Infant will follow a moving object
Lorenz
Structuralists
Piaget
Each stage is a way of making sense of the world
Examples of Genetic Conditions
Down Syndrome PKU Turner's Syndrome Klinefelter' Syndrome Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia
Ritualistic behaviors are known as
FAP: Fixed Action Patterns
Robert Kegan - Stages
Incorporative Impulsive Imperial Interpersonal Institutional Interindividual
Kegan - Holding environment
Client can make new meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
