Group Counseling Flashcards
Yalom
Existential, Group Therapy
Work in the here and now
11 reasons groups work so well
Altruism
Helping others gives sense of well-being
Universality
Not only one with the problem
Installation of Hope
Hope the group will work
Catharsis
Talking is beneficial
Group Cohesiveness
Sense of we-ness
Imitative Behavior
Social Learning Theory
Learn from watching others
Family Reenactment
Helps albeit family of origin or issues
Imparting Information
Psychodynamic insights or advice
Interpersonal Learning
Members receive feedback on how their behavior affects others
Socialization Techniques
Feedback and instruction
Existential Factors
Discovering life can have meaning
Idea Group Size
5 or 6-8, 8 preferable
Long term groups can function with 10
Smaller with children
Stage Model: Initial
Initial, Forming, Orientation
Stage Model: Transition
Transition, Conflict, Storming
Power struggles
Stage Model: Working
Productive, Forming, Action
Completing goal cohesively
Stage Model: Termination
Closure, Completion, Mourning, Adjourning
Goodbye
Negative Role Examples
Monopolizing
Attacking
Blaming
Intellectualizing too much
Leader: Autocratic
Authoritarian
Make decisions for the group
Leader: Laissez Faire
Hands off
Leader: Democratic
Input from members (seen as best style)
Leader: Speculative
Rely on charisma and personal power to move the group in a direction
Leader: Confrontive
Reveals the impact that his behavior has had on himself as well as others have on him
Type: Psychoeducational
Informative
Type: Counseling
Conscious issues related to personal growth
Type: Group Therapy
Unconscious issues, past and personality changes
Type: T Group
Training (business/personal motivation)
Type: Structure
Centered around personal issues such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview
Type: Support
Self-help (AA)
Not led by a professional
Self serving bias
When group is productive the person takes credit for it
Risky Shift
Members make more risky decisions in a group
Group Polarity
Members make more extreme decisions as a group v individually
ASGW
Association for Specialists in Group Work
Apply ACA ethics to group work
- have evaluation plan to meet requirements of organizations, insurance and regulatory bodies
- multicultural drafted
Depressed clients: Individual v Group Work
Research shows individual has more results but not 100% convincing
In general group is just as effective as individual
Jacob Moreno
Father of Psychodrama
Coined Group Therapy
Theater of Spontaneity
Smith and Wilson
Founder of AA, first self help group
Frank Parsons
Father of Guidance/Vocational
Relied heavily on groups for career work
EG Williamson
Minnesota Viewpoint
Fritz Pearls
Gestalt Therapy
Major impact in group therapy - Esalen Institute
Freud
Book: Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
Joseph Pratt
May be the first counseling group
Physician - focus on TB
ASGPP
American Society for Group Psychotherapy
AGPA
American Group Psychotherapy Association
ASGW Journal
Journal for Specialists in Group Work
NASW
National Association Social Workers
AAS
American Association of Suicidology
Samuel Slavson
AGPA: American Group Psychotherapy Association
Theorist - work preface group
Adler: Child guidance facilities
Davis: First school guidance counselor
CACREP Group Requirements
Student participate in group 10 hours during a semester
Primary Group
Preventative, attempt to stop problem before it occurs
i.e. teach about birth control to teens
Secondary Group
Problem is present but not severe
Tertiary Group
Serious individual issues, longstanding
Long term
May focus on past/childhood
Group Norms
Expected behaviors
Group Therapy in US flourished due to….
Shortage of therapists after WWII
Group Content*
Material discussed in a group setting
Group Process*
Manner in which the discussions occur
Analyzing communications, transactions
Group Cohesiveness
Forces which tend to bind group members together
Field Theory: Kurt Lewin
Group Therapy v Group Counseling vs Guidance
Guidance:
- Psychoeducational
- Affective Education Group
- Psychological Education Group
- Preventative and Instructional
- Leader has less training
Therapy:
- Longer duration
- Personality Reconstruction Group
- Problem is more severe
- Tertiary
- Psychotherapy: Hospitals
Counseling:
- Less structure
- Conscious concerns
George Gazda
3 Types of Groups
Guidance
Counseling
Psychotherapy
Group exercises must…*
Correspond to the level of the group development
Structure vs. Unstructured
Less structure is better generally
Nosology*
Taxonomy
Classification of disease
Examples of low structured groups
Psychodynamic
Nondirective
Existential
Examples of high structured groups
Specific topics (assertiveness) Behaviorist
13th Stepping*
Members who exploit new members for sexual purposes
Marathon Group
Weekend, lasts over 24 hours
Most important trait of group members
trust
Homogeneity
Members are similar
Heterogeneous
Dissimilar groups
More of a microism of our world
More influence in group - SES or race
SES
Examples of observations of individual:
sadness
relaxed
self-critical
Content
Examples of observations of one member wincing when another speaks
Process
Example: Ken has not stolen for a week so gets a coin
Product
Another word for universality
mutuality
Leadership style by Lewin, Lippit and White criticism
Study was on a school activity group
Interpersonal Leaders
Distant, not aggressive
Energizing Leaders
Emotionally stimulate the group
Manager Leaders
Executive control
Provider Leaders
Caring
Effective leaders have discovered***
Modeling appropriate behaviors improves group participation even when members are resistant
Most effective leadership style, most times…
Democratic
Transference
Client issue
Countertransference
Therapist issue
Gerald Corey
Group Therapy
Believes therapist should participate in both therapeutic group and leader group
Most effective group session duration
2 hours
Confidentiality
Groups cannot ensure confidential
Communicate risks at the beginning of the session/series
Reluctant client
client referred for treatment but is not enthusiastic about the modality
Blocking
Therapist uses an intervention to stop a negative behavior to reduce harm/risk
Scapegoating
Members gang up on another member
Structured Group v Group Structure
Structured Group: Group focused on a given theme
Operational Manner
Provide concrete steps in order to illuminate the concept
Sociogram
Pictorial account of a group
Diagram member interaction
Karpman Drama Triangle
Teaching device for interpersonal relationships
Peeping Tom in Groups
Interrogator
Gatekeeper Role
Makes certain that everyone is doing their tasks
Harmonizer Role
Conciliator, make sure everything is running smooth
Task Roles - Member
Helps group carry out the tasks
Positive
Maintenance Role - Member
Strengthen group processes
Positive
Self-Serving Role - Member
Negative
Individual needs over the needs of the group
Task Group
Athletic team
Employee run group to improve a process
Task by the Leader
If there is a conflict, leader may request the group do a task together
Role Conflict
Discrepancy between expected behavior and actual behavior
Initial Group Stages - Traits
Approach - Avoidance Behavior (you want to meet group members but it’s scary)
Making the Rounds
Leader allows each group member to weigh in on a given topic
Linking
Leader attempts to relate on person to another
Horizontal Interventions
Strategies that approach the group as a whole
Interpersonal methods
Here and now interventions
Vertical Interventions
Counseling with an individual in a group
Interpersonal Interventions v Intrapersonal Interventions
Therapist best to use both
Intra: Work with the past
Inter: Here and now
Groups are effective….
although researchers cannot pinpoint exactly why
Limitations of groups
leader can lose control
intimidating for clients
lack of flexibility for meeting times
lack of trust in confidentiality
Group Advantages*
In Vivo interpersonal work Sense of belonging Cost effective Universality Effective support system
Major group advantage*
Microcosms of society that offer support and learning
Analogous to communication and interaction in life
RK Coyne
Group Intervention Model
Prevent, Correct or enhance behavior
Group Work Evaluation
Best to have an outside observer
Children Groups
Keep parents involved
