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Biology > Human anatomy Parts 5-6 > Flashcards

Human anatomy Parts 5-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The gastrointestinal tract: a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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2
Q

Appendix

A

A small organ that is part of the digestive system, but not the alimentary canal.

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3
Q

Bladder

A

A small, hollow organ; acts as a storage unit for urine.

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4
Q

Bolus

A

A soft mass of tiny bits of chewed food.

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5
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Contains the glomerulus and performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. The fluid that enters and flows through it is called the filtrate.

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6
Q

Cecum

A

beginning of the large intestine

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7
Q

Chyle

A

lymph fluid which collects fat from digestion, which turns it a milky color

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8
Q

Chyme

A

a liquified mixture of food and gastric juices

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9
Q

Colon

A

the middle portion of the large intestine, divided into ascending, transverse, and descending colon

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10
Q

Duodenum

A

The first part of the small intestine, where digestive juice from the pancreas and liver combine with chyme, making it very thin and watery

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11
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

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12
Q

Filtration

A

first step in urine formation

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13
Q

Gallbladder

A

A small sac that stores bile, until it is needed, in the small intestine

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14
Q

Glomerulus

A

Network of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule that serves as the site of filtration.

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15
Q

Ileum

A

The third and longest part of the small intestine, where food continues to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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16
Q

Intestinal villi

A

finger-like projections covering the small intestine walls to increase surface area

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17
Q

Jejunum

A

the region where nutrients begin to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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18
Q

Kidneys

A

filter wastes from the blood which collect as urine

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19
Q

Large intestine

A

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

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20
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile to break down fats

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21
Q

Macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

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22
Q

Micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

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23
Q

Microvilli

A

smaller projections found on the intestinal villi that further increase surface area

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24
Q

Mucosa

A

inner wall of the small intestine that secretes several enzymes and breaks down food so the nutrients can be absorbed by blood capillaries in the villi

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25
Q

Nephrons

A

The basic filtering units in the kidneys.

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26
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases digestive enzymes to help break down food, and contains a group of cells, the Islet of Langerhans, some of which release the hormone insulin and others release the hormone glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels

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27
Q

Peristalsis

A

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

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28
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat, where food passes from the mouth to the esophagus

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29
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

opening from the stomach into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine)

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30
Q

Reabsorption

A

The second part of urine production, and the process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

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31
Q

Rectum

A

The end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

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32
Q

Renal artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

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33
Q

Renal tubule

A

The tube that carries filtrate from the Bowman’s capsule

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34
Q

Salivary glands

A

accessory organs that are part of the digestive system which produce saliva

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35
Q

Secretion

A

The third and final step in the production of urine, whereby waste products that didn’t get filtered out of the bloodstream in the capillaries are sent to the nephron

36
Q

Small intestine

A

The three-section part of the digestive system in which the most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

37
Q

Stomach

A

Part of the digestive system; a muscular and elastic sac that serves to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

38
Q

Urea

A

Wastes dissolved in the bloodstream

39
Q

Ureters

A

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

40
Q

Urethra

A

the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

41
Q

Urine

A

A watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other wastes

42
Q

Amniotic sac

A

A fluid-filled sac which forms around the blastocyst to protect the baby as it grows.

43
Q

Blastula

A

The stage of gestation which begins when the morula arrives in the uterus and the mass of cells forms an outer shell layer with an inner fluid-filled cavity, called a blastocyst.

44
Q

Cervix

A

The opening to the uterus

45
Q

Cleavage

A

when a single cell is converted to a multicellular zygote

46
Q

Contractions

A

The tightening and releasing of the muscle of the uterus during labor to move the baby through the birth canal.

47
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outer external layer of a zygote which will form the epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system

48
Q

Ejaculation

A

Muscles at the base of the penis force semen filled with sperm through the urethra and out of the penis.

49
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost layer of a zygote which will form the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

50
Q

Endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

51
Q

Epididymis

A

A tube outside the testes where sperm mature and are stored.

52
Q

Erectile tissue

A

Specialized tissue with a lot of space that can fill with blood upon proper stimulation, causing the tissue to become firm. Erectile tissue is found in the penis, the clitoris, the labia, and the nipples.

53
Q

Estrogen

A

One of the female sex hormones, made in the ovaries, and responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, along with development of secondary sex characteristics.

54
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

ducts composed of smooth muscle connected to the uterus and leading to the ovaries. Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes, and the tubes are where fertilization takes place as semen travels up them to meet an egg.

55
Q

Fertilization

A

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells (sperm and egg) join to form a new cell

56
Q

Fetus

A

The stage of human development starting at 9 weeks gestation, when all major organs have started to grow.

57
Q

Gastrulation

A

the process which occurs when cells move inside the blastula and form multiple layers of cells called germ layers

58
Q

Implantation

A

The process which occurs when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium.

59
Q

Menstruation

A

The process by which the uterus sheds the endometrium lining through the woman’s vagina if the ovum is not fertilized

60
Q

Mesoderm

A

the germ layer which develops between the endoderm and ectoderm

61
Q

Morula

A

the stage of development when the zygote has reached about 16 cells and is approximately 3 days old.

62
Q

Oogenesis

A

the process by which an immature ovum matures.

63
Q

Organogenesis

A

The process where all of the embryo’s organs are formed.

64
Q

Ova

A

Female reproductive cells, or eggs

65
Q

Ovaries

A

the functional center of the female reproductive system; they produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, and produce ova

66
Q

Ovulation

A

a process where hormones cause the ovum to rupture and move to one of the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization.

67
Q

Placenta

A

an organ that connects the developing baby to the mother via an umbilical cord.

68
Q

Progesterone

A

One of the two female sex hormones, which helps regulate women’s menstrual cycles.

69
Q

Prostate gland

A

A gland in males that, along with the seminal vesicles, produces semen, which is a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.

70
Q

Puberty

A

A time of significant change where the body undergoes sexual maturation

71
Q

Scrotum

A

External sac that contains the testes, which keeps them cooler so that spermatogenesis can take place.

72
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

The larger cell formed by oogenesis which receives most of the cytoplasm

73
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Along with the prostate gland, produces semen, which is a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.

74
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Located within the testes, long tiny tubes where meiosis takes takes place and sperm are produced.

75
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Process by which cells from a male and a female unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.

75
Q

Sperm

A

male reproductive cell or gamete

76
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm cells (occurs in testes)

77
Q

Testes

A

the functional center of the male reproductive system; they secrete sex hormones, including testosterone, and produce sperm.

77
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone

78
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects the baby to the mother (through the placenta), and allows the baby to obtain nutrients and oxygen from the mother and get rid of wastes and carbon dioxide

79
Q

Urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

80
Q

Uterus

A

a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows

81
Q

Vagina

A

A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

82
Q

Vas deferens

A

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the prostate gland to the urethra

83
Q

Zygote

A

the organism formed when the sperm and egg cells come together (a brand-new person with his or her own DNA)

Biology (10 decks)

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