Cellular Metabolism cont. Life Cycle of a Cell, Genetics Flashcards
Cellular Metabolism
Chemical reactions which includes breaking down food for energy then using it for the organism.
Catabolic Process
A series of pathways where Molecules are broken down into smaller bits and energy is released.
Anabolism
when organisms make compounds needed by the cells.
Protein Synthesis
An Anabolic process where cells combine Amino Acids in different ways to form proteins.
Who discovered the shape of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick.
What is the shape of DNA?
A Double Helix.
DNA is made of what?
Nucleotides consisting of 3 smaller units:
1. A Nitrogen base.
2. A simple sugar.
3. A Phosphate group.
Adenine always pairs with…
Guanine.
Cytosine always pairs with…
Thymine.
What is a Genome?
The complete collection of a cell’s DNA genetic material.
What is a Gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or specific strand of RNA
What are Chromosomes?
Coils of DNA that are bundled up into organized structures.
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and Histones.
Histones
DNA wrapped around proteins which package up DNA more compactly.
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is…
The 3-step process of Protein Synthesis:
1. DNA Replication.
2. RNA Transcription.
3. Protein Translation.
The Life Cycle of a Cell…
Is divided into two phases:
1. Interphase.
2. Mitotic Phase.
Interphase
Where all normal cellular activities occur.
Interphase is broken down into 3 phase:
- G1 Phase.
- S Phase.
- G2 Phase.
Mitosis phase is broken down into 4 phases:
- Prophase.
- Metaphase.
- Anaphase.
- Telophase.
Gamete
Two cells that come together to form new organisms.
Miosis 1 is broken down into 5 phases:
- Interphase.
- Prophase 1.
- Metaphase 1.
- Anaphase 1.
- Telophase 1.
Miosis 2 is broken down into 4 phases:
- Prophase 2.
- Metaphase 2.
- Anaphase 2.
- Telophase 2.
Structural Genes
Responsible for coding outward appearance and inward components of a persons cells.
Regulatory Genes
Code for proteins which turn Genes on and off.
Mutations
Errors in the genetic code.
Eugenics
Good origins.
The goal of Eugenics is…
To increase the types of people seen as desirable and decrease the populations of people seen as undesirable.
e.g. The Jewish Holocaust during World War 2
Cloning
Genetic Duplication
Genetic Engineering
When genes of an organism are changed through artificial means to alter an organism’s Phenotype.
