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Biology > Human Anatomy Parts 3-4 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Parts 3-4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of the adrenal gland

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2
Q

Adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the inner portion of the adrenal glands that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which produces our fight-or flight responses

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4
Q

Amygdala

A

processes emotional memories and generates emotions

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary muscles and glands

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6
Q

Axon

A

long extension from the soma carries messages away from the soma

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7
Q

Axon terminals

A

finger-like projections at the end of the axon

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8
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

composed of tightly packed cells that prevent large, unwanted molecules from entering the brain

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

connects to the spinal cord, and controls involuntary functions

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10
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord enclosed and protected by the skull and vertebrae

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

a) Found at the back of your head under the cerebrum; divided into left and right hemispheres
b) Functions to coordinate skeletal muscle activity

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum

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13
Q

Cerebrum

A

upper portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals; in your nose

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15
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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16
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; vibrations are sent through and stimulate sensory hair cells and are converted to nerve impulses

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17
Q

Cones

A

detect color

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18
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent outer covering of the eye

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19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

mass of nerve fibers allowing the hemispheres to communicate

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

finger-like projections carry messages toward the soma

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21
Q

Endocrine system

A

a) Includes: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and the adrenal gland
b) Function: sends chemical messages through the body

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22
Q

Frontal lobes

A

found under the forehead; the center of reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, problem solving, and some parts of speech

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23
Q

Gland

A

An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream

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24
Q

Glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

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25
Q

Gonads

A

glands that produce sex hormones

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26
Q

Gray matter

A

composed primarily of nerve cell bodies; responsible for processing information

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27
Q

Hippocampus

A

processes factual memories

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28
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

area of the brain that secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary gland

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30
Q

Incus

A

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

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31
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

a group of cells in the pancreas which release the hormone insulin and others release the hormone glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels

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32
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

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33
Q

Limbic system

A

groups of nerves around the brainstem

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34
Q

Interneurons

A

interpret the sensory signal and transfer the message from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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35
Q

Malleus

A

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

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36
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

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37
Q

Motor neurons

A

convert the message received from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate muscles and glands

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38
Q

Neuron

A

electrically excitable cells that carry messages throughout the body

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39
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

molecules released at the axon terminal which travel across the synaptic cleft where they stimulate receptor proteins in the next neuron

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40
Q

Occipital lobes

A

found in the back of the head; receives input from your eyes and referred to as the visual cortex

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41
Q

Ovaries

A

female reproductive glands that produce estrogen

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42
Q

Pain receptors

A

react by causing you to feel pain

43
Q

Pancreas

A

part of the endocrine system;
1. Releases digestive enzymes to help break down food 2. Contains a group of cells, the Islet of Langerhans, some of which release the hormone insulin and others release the hormone glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels

44
Q

Papillae

A

taste buds; tiny bumps on the surface of the tongue

45
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

your rest-repose response; sends signals to decrease your heart rate and blood pressure, and contracts stomach muscles for digestion

46
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  1. Four parathyroid glands, two embedded on each side of the thyroid gland
  2. Secrete parathyroid hormone which works opposite of calcitonin to increase blood calcium levels
47
Q

Parietal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

48
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves running through the body that arise from the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Photoreceptors

A

cause nerve impulses to be carried by the optic nerve to the brain

50
Q

Pineal gland

A
  1. Located deep in the brain
  2. Primarily responsible for regulating your body’s wake and sleep cycle
  3. When light is detected, it secretes serotonin
  4. When no light is detected, it secretes melatonin
51
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the master gland of the endocrine system

52
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris

53
Q

Reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action

54
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

55
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

56
Q

Saccule

A

part of the inner ear; detects backward-forward motion and upward-downward motion

57
Q

Semicircular canals

A

serve as balance sensors and detect left and right tilting, side-to-side motion, and up and down motion

58
Q

Sensory neurons

A

detect sensory stimuli and carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain

59
Q

Sensory organs

A

receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears

60
Q

Soma

A

cell body of a neuron

61
Q

Stapes

A

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

your fight-or-flight response; sends signals to raise your heart rate and blood pressure and stimulates your liver to release glucose to produce quick energy

63
Q

Synaptic clef

A

space between two neurons

64
Q

Target cells

A

cells with receptors that respond to specific hormones

65
Q

Temporal lobes

A

found on the sides of the head; associated with speech perception, hearing, and some types of memory

66
Q

Testes

A

male reproductive glands that produce androgens, including testosterone

67
Q

Thalamus

A

routes signals to various parts of the body

68
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to temperature changes

69
Q

Thymus

A
  1. Where T-cells are made, mature, and are trained for what to fight and what to leave alone
  2. T-cells that attack invaders enter the bloodstream and reside in the lymphatic tissue
70
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  1. Thyroxine: regulates metabolic rate
  2. Calcitonin: causes excess blood calcium to be stored in the bones
71
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

72
Q

Utricle

A

part of the inner ear; detects backward-forward motion and upward-downward motion

73
Q

White matter

A

composed primarily of myelinated axons; responsible for carrying information

74
Q

Adenoids

A

an area of the body where lymph nodes are clustered together creating a protective ring against invaders that may enter through the mouth or nose

75
Q

Arrector pili

A

smooth muscles attached to hair follicles

76
Q

Basophils

A

produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for allergic reactions

77
Q

Chyle

A

the term used when lymph fluid collects fat it turns a milky color

78
Q

Collagen

A

protein that give skin the ability to stretch and return to its original shape

79
Q

Dermis

A

second layer of skin tissue

80
Q

Elastin

A

protein that give skin the ability to stretch and return to its original shape

81
Q

Eosinophils

A

produced in the bone marrow and release a chemical that attacks large multicellular parasites

82
Q

Epidermis

A

top layer of skin tissue

83
Q

Epithelial cells

A

skin cells; rapidly reproduce to replace cells that are lost by pushing cells to the surface

84
Q

Germinative

A

Living cells that reproduce rapidly

85
Q

Hair follicle

A

tiny pockets in the dermis from which hair grows

86
Q

Integumentary system

A

a) Includes: skin, hair, and nails
b) Function: protection and sensory input

87
Q

Keratin

A

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

88
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

an area of the body where lymph nodes are clustered together creating a protective ring against invaders that may enter through the mouth or nose

89
Q

Lymph nodes

A

act as filtering and monitoring stations that clean the lymph of dead cells and foreign invaders

90
Q

Lymph vessels

A

move the fluid to the lymph nodes

91
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  1. T-cells: made and mature in the thymus gland; attack invaders directly
  2. B-cells: made in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen; make antibodies to fight specific invaders
  3. Natural killer cells: recognize tumor cells and cells that have been infected with viruses and kill the infected cells
92
Q

Melanin

A

skin pigment

93
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin

94
Q

Monocytes

A

produced in the bone marrow, are the largest white blood cells in the human body

95
Q

Neutrophils

A

produced in the bone marrow and respond quickly to hold off pathogens

96
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

areas of the body where lymph nodes are clustered together creating a protective ring against invaders that may enter through the mouth or nose

97
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

secrete an oil called sebum which softens and waterproofs your skin

98
Q

Sebum

A

an oil secreted by the sebaceous glands which softens and waterproofs your skin

99
Q

Spleen

A

the largest lymphatic organ

100
Q

Squamous

A

flattened dead cells resembling scales

101
Q

Sweat glands

A

help regulate body temperature and rid the body of waste products

102
Q

Thymus gland

A
  1. Where T-cells are made, mature, and are trained for what to fight and what to leave alone
  2. T-cells that attack invaders enter the bloodstream and reside in the lymphatic tissue
103
Q

Vestigial

A

organs that do not appear to have a function or purpose

Biology (10 decks)

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